Dr Bo Liu

  • Reader (Autonomous Systems & Connectivity)

Research interests

Biography

Bo Liu received the B.Eng. degree from Tsinghua University, China, in 2008 and the Ph.D. degree from University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium, in 2012. From October 2012 he held the distinguished position of Humboldt Research Fellow, working with the Technical University of Dortmund, Germany. From April 2013, he was a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at Wrexham Glyndwr University, UK, where he was promoted to Reader (Associate Professor) in 2016. He joined in University of Glasgow in 2020 and is a Reader (Associate Professor) in AI-driven electronic design at present. He is a Fellow of IET and a Senior Member of IEEE.  

Dr. Liu’s research focuses on AI-driven electronic design. His main contributions and research highlights include:

  • Being among the first few researchers to introduce bespoke heuristic optimization techniques into analog IC sizing (2008-2009).
  • Being the first to introduce online machine learning-assisted optimization into high-frequency device synthesis (2011) and to enable it to address industry-level complex mm-wave ICs by novel AI algorithm frameworks (2014).
  • Being the first to enable analog IC sizing based on machine learning-assisted optimization approaches to address practical high-performance analog building blocks (considering the full set of “hard to learn” performances), surpassing experienced designers’ design quality in only a few hours (2021). This is a significant step forward in enabling AI-driven analog IC design to reach the level of industrial use, although the process, voltage, and temperature variations have not been fully addressed yet.   
  • Being the first to address the bottleneck of computationally expensive electromagnetic simulations together with poor or no initial design in antenna design exploration – this makes the AI-driven antenna design approach suitable for industrial requirements (2013-2014, 2017). The first to enable AI-driven design techniques to handle complex antennas with more than 50 design variables and many specifications (2020,2022), unblocked bottlenecks in important applications (e.g., AI-driven design of complex base station antennas).
  • Being the first to realize the fully automated AI-driven design of microwave filters. The one-button approach allows average-level engineers to obtain high-performance filter designs. (2017, 2020, 2022).
  • His proposed AI-driven analog IC, microwave antenna, filter, and MEMS design methods are being used as essential tools by many international leading design teams (in both academia and industry). Some of the proposed AI-driven design methods are the only viable solution for complex antennas/arrays and high-performance analog/RF ICs.
  • Some of his proposed AI-driven electronic design algorithms rank first in industry testing and comparisons, which have been embedded into MATLAB and are currently under discussion to be embedded into more renowned CAD tools.

 Bo Liu Springer book

Research interests

Just as steam engines allowed mass production of labour-intensive products, AI techniques have the potential to realize mass production of knowledge and intelligence-intensive products. However, there is currently a gap between off-the-shelf AI techniques and real-world electronic design. Filling this gap, in order to transform AI techniques for electronic design from laboratory to industry, is the aim of my research. My research focuses on machine learning and data-driven optimization-based methodology for electronic circuit and system design, unblocking bottlenecks in design complexity and time-to-market. In particular, the following research directions are critical:

  • Novel data-driven optimization and machine learning algorithms for electronic (analog ICs and systems, microwave devices, and micro-electromechanical systems) design
  • Mixed intelligence electronic design methodologies hybridizing AI techniques, domain knowledge, and the designer's intelligence
  • AI-driven design in real-world electronic engineering
  • Computer-aided design tools implementing AI-driven electronic design and data analysis methods

More details of my research can be found on my Google Scholar page: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=G-K3GC0AAAAJ&hl=en and the homepage of my lab (AIDAC): https://www.gla.ac.uk/research/az/csi/artificialintelligence/ and http://ec2-35-176-54-107.eu-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com/ 

Considering all this, I am now welcoming highly motivated PhD students, postdocs, and visiting researchers who have the ambition to change ways of working for future electronic engineers: from experience-driven design to AI-driven design!

Students/Researchers with the following backgrounds are extremely welcome:

  • AI background: You will be the core of the team. Instead of using mathematical benchmark problems, you will use real-world electronic design optimization/synthesis/modeling problems to identify the challenges of existing AI techniques and generate novel and high-performance AI algorithms ready for EE industry use.
  • EE background: For many design problems, the power of AI techniques alone is insufficient and design knowledge must be an equal partner to form a mixed intelligence approach. You will be the core of such novel techniques. You will also be armed with AI knowledge and realize them in real-world analog IC/biomedical system/antenna/filter/MEMS/… design, being the first generation of electronic design engineers to apply such AI techniques.
  • Software engineering background: The successful AI-driven design methodologies will be transferred to intelligent CAD tools. You will be the person to embed the new algorithms into renowned CAD tools, and millions of engineers will use your code. You will also develop our own CAD tools, which will be used by leading international design teams. Proposing novel human-computer interaction methods with electronic engineers will also be your playground.  

 

So, let us launch the AI-driven electronic design research area together!

Interested students/researchers, please send me your CV along with a brief description of your background and research interest(s)/direction(s). For potential funding opportunities, please visit the supervision section.

 

Always welcome visiting scholars focusing on SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 

CURRENT FULLY FUNDED PHD OPPORTUNITIES 

PhD Studentship in Microwave Filter Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications to Analog IC Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in Engineering Optimization (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in 5G Leaky-wave Antenna Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

Publications

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Number of items: 87.

2023

Zhang, Z., Liu, B. , Yu, Y., Imran, M. , Cheng, Q. S. and Yu, M. (2023) A surrogate modeling space definition method for efficient filter yield optimization. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, 33(6), pp. 631-634. (doi: 10.1109/LMWT.2023.3243524)

Fotouhi, S. , Zhang, Z., He, M., Hao, Y., Giles-Donovan, N., Giuseppe Fenu, N. , Liu, B. and Cochran, S. (2023) Full-property Measurement for Piezoelectric Devices through Applied Artificial Intelligence. UIA51: Ultrasonic Industry Association, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 24-26 Apr 2023.

Zubair, M., Akinsolu, M. O., Abohmra, A., Imran, M. A. , Liu, B. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2023) Terahertz Antenna Design Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Portland, Oregon, USA, 23–28 July 2023, (Accepted for Publication)

Xue, L., Liu, B. , Yu, Y., Cheng, Q. S., Imran, M. and Qiao, T. (2023) An unsupervised microwave filter design optimization method based on a hybrid surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 71(3), pp. 1159-1170. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3219072)

Fotouhi, S. , Zhang, Z., He, M., Hao, Y., Giles-Donovan, N., Giuseppe Fenu, N., Liu, B. and Cochran, S. (2023) Towards Miniature Single Sample Characterisation (MSSC) of Piezoelectric Material with a Single Experimental Measurement. 2023 ISAF-ISIF-PFM Joint Conference, Cleveland, OH, USA, 23-27 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)

2022

Chou, H.-T., Wu, R.-Z., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, Y. and Liu, B. (2022) Radiation optimization for phased arrays of antennas incorporating the constraints of active reflection coefficients. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(12), pp. 11707-11717. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3209660)

Liu, Y. , Liu, B. , Ur-Rehman, M., Imran, M. A. , Akinsolu, M. O., Excell, P. and Hua, Q. (2022) An efficient method for antenna design based on a self-adaptive bayesian neural network assisted global optimization technique. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(12), pp. 11375-11388. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3211732)

Yu, Y., Zhang, Z., Cheng, Q. S., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Guo, C. and Ye, T. T. (2022) State-of-the-art: AI-assisted surrogate modeling and optimization for microwave filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 70(11), pp. 4635-4651. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3208898)

Zubair, M., Jabbar, A. , Akinsolu, M. O., Imran, M. A. , Liu, B. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2022) Design of Truncated Microstrip Square Patch Antenna for Terahertz Communication. In: 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 10-15 Jul 2022, pp. 1558-1559. ISBN 9781665496582 (doi: 10.1109/AP-S/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886809)

Zheng, Q., Guo, C., Ding, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Vandenbosch, G. A. E. (2022) A wideband low-RCS metasurface-inspired circularly polarized slot array based on AI-driven antenna design optimization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(9), pp. 8584-8589. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3161389)

Yu, Y., Liu, B. , Wang, Y. and Cheng, Q. S. (2022) Automated diplexer design with key performance indicator-based objectives. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 32(7), pp. 827-830. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2022.3150312)

Wang, J., Xue, L.-Y., Liu, B. and Li, C. (2022) Design of Terahertz InP pHEMT Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: European Microwave Week 2021, London, UK, 02-07 Apr 2022, pp. 67-70. ISBN 9781665447225 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9784068)

He, R., Lau, B. K., Oestges, C., Haneda, K. and Liu, B. (2022) Guest editorial artificial intelligence in radio propagation for communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3934-3938. (doi: 10.1109/tap.2022.3178164)

Huang, C. et al. (2022) Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications—part I: channel characterization and antenna-channel optimization. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3939-3954. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3149663)

Huang, C. et al. (2022) Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications—part II: scenario identification and channel modeling. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3955-3969. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3149665)

Zhang, Z., Liu, B. , Yu, Y. and Cheng, Q. S. (2022) A microwave filter yield optimization method based on off-line surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 70(6), pp. 2925-2934. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3163745)

Abbasi, M. A. B., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Yurduseven, O., Fusco, V. F. and Imran, M. A. (2022) Machine learning-assisted lens-loaded cavity response optimization for improved direction-of-arrival estimation. Scientific Reports, 12, 8511. (doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12011-z)

Budak, A., Gandara, M., Shi, W., Pan, D., Sun, N. and Liu, B. (2022) An efficient analog circuit sizing method based on machine learning assisted global optimization. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 41(5), pp. 1209-1221. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2021.3081405)

Zhang, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Zhang, S. (2022) Design of zero clearance SIW endfire antenna array using machine learning-assisted optimization. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(5), pp. 3858-3863. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3137500)

Abbasi, M. A. B., Yurduseven, O., Akinsolu, M. O., Fusco, V. F., Liu, B. , Khalily, M., Cotton, S. L. and Imran, M. A. (2022) Machine learning‐assisted direction‐of‐arrival accuracy enhancement technique using oversized lens‐loaded cavity. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 16(6), pp. 305-315. (doi: 10.1049/mia2.12257)

Alibakhshikenari, M. et al. (2022) Dual-polarized highly folded bowtie antenna with slotted self-grounded structure for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(4), pp. 3028-3033. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3118784)

Youn, Y. et al. (2022) Dome-shaped mmWave lens antenna optimization for wide-angle scanning and scan loss mitigation using geometric optics and multiple scattering. IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques, 7, pp. 142-150. (doi: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3180550)

2021

Budak, A. F., Bhansali, P., Liu, B. , Sun, N., Pan, D. Z. and Kashyap, C. V. (2021) DNN-Opt: An RL Inspired Optimization for Analog Circuit Sizing using Deep Neural Networks. In: 2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 05-09 Dec 2021, pp. 1219-1224. ISBN 9781665432740 (doi: 10.1109/DAC18074.2021.9586139)

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O., Song, C., Hua, Q., Huang, Y., Excell, P., Imran, M. and Xu, Q. (2021) An efficient method for complex antenna design based on a self adaptive surrogate model assisted optimization technique. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(4), pp. 2302-2315. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3051034)

Zhang, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Vandenbosch, G. A.E. (2021) Automatic AI-driven design of mutual coupling reducing topologies for frequency reconfigurable antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(3), pp. 1831-1836. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3012792)

Zhang, W., Zhou, J., Huang, Y., Akinsolu, M. O., He, M. and Liu, B. (2021) A Dual-Band Metasurface-Based Antenna with Shorting Pins. In: 2021 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Chongqing, China, 15-17 Nov 2021, pp. 240-242. ISBN 9781665428194 (doi: 10.1109/IMWS-AMP53428.2021.9643878)

2020

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O. and Zhang, Q. (2020) Hybrid Single and Multiobjective Optimization for Engineering Design without Exact Specifications. In: IEEE WCCI 2020, Glasgow, UK, 19-24 July 2020, ISBN 9781728169293 (doi: 10.1109/CEC48606.2020.9185804)

Arabi, O., See, C. H., Ullah, A., Ali, N., Liu, B. , Abd-Alhameed, R., McEwan, N. J. and Excell, P. S. (2020) Compact wideband MIMO diversity antenna for mobile applications using multi-layered structure. Electronics, 9(8), 1307. (doi: 10.3390/electronics9081307)

Akinsolu, M. O., Mistry, K. K., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I. and Excell, P. (2020) Machine Learning-assisted Antenna Design optimization: A Review and the State-of-the-art. In: 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-20 Mar 2020, ISBN 9781728137124 (doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135936)

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., See, C. H., Abd-Alhameed, R. and Liu, B. (2020) Design and optimization of a slotted monopole antenna for ultra-wide band body centric imaging applications. IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, 4(2), pp. 140-147. (doi: 10.1109/JERM.2020.2984910)

Yu, Y., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Lancaster, M. J. and Cheng, Q. S. (2020) A general coupling matrix synthesis method for all-resonator diplexers and multiplexers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 68(3), pp. 987-999. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2957430)

Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K., Mognaschi, M. E., Di Barba, P. and Zaharis, Z. D. (2020) Efficient design optimization of high-performance MEMS based on a surrogate-assisted self-adaptive differential evolution. IEEE Access, 8, pp. 80256-80268. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990455)

Alibakhshikenari, M. et al. (2020) A comprehensive survey of "metamaterial transmission-line based antennas: design, challenges, and applications". IEEE Access, 8, pp. 144778-144808. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3013698)

2019

Mistry, K. K., Lazaridis, P. I., Zaharis, Z. D., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Loh, T. (2019) Accurate Antenna Gain Estimation Using the Two-Antenna Method. In: Antennas and Propagation Conference 2019, Birmingham, UK, 11-12 Nov 2019,

Mistry, K. K., Lazaridis, P. I., Zaharis, Z. D., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Xenos, T. D., Glover, I. A. and Prasad, R. (2019) Time and frequency domain simulation, measurement and optimization of log-periodic antennas. Wireless Personal Communications, 107(2), pp. 771-783. (doi: 10.1007/s11277-019-06299-w)

Grout, V., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K. and Zaharis, Z. D. (2019) Software solutions for antenna design exploration: a comparison of packages, tools, techniques, and algorithms for various design challenges. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 61(3), pp. 48-59. (doi: 10.1109/MAP.2019.2907887)

Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Grout, V., Lazaridis, P. I. and Mognaschi, M. E. (2019) A parallel surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for electromagnetic design optimization. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, 3(2), pp. 93-105. (doi: 10.1109/TETCI.2018.2864747)

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O., Ali, N. and Abd-Akganeed, R. (2019) Efficient global optimisation of microwave antennas based on a parallel surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 13(2), pp. 149-155. (doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2018.5009)

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., Mohammad, B., Eya, E., Abd-Alhameed, R., Noras, J.M. and Liu, B. (2019) A Compact Size and Low Profile Rectangular Slot Monopole Antenna for UWB Body Centric Applications. In: 2019 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Atlanta, GA, USA, 07-12 Jul 2019, pp. 91-92. ISBN 9781728106953 (doi: 10.1109/USNC-URSI.2019.8861713)

Hua, Q., Huang, Y., Song, C., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Jia, T., Xu, Q. and Alieldin, A. (2019) A novel compact quadruple-band indoor base station antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G systems. IEEE Access, 7, pp. 151350-151358. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947778)

2018

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., Oguntala, G., Asahraa, A., Abd-Alhameed, R. A., Bin-Melha, M., Elfergani, I.T.E., Rodriguez, J. and Liu, B. (2018) A T Slot Monopole Antenna for UWB Microwave Imaging Applications. In: The Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC 2018), Loughborough, UK, 12-13 Nov 2018, ISBN 9781785619694 (doi: 10.1049/cp.2018.1491)

Liu, B. , Grout, V. and Nikolaeva, A. (2018) Efficient global optimization of actuator based on a surrogate model assisted hybrid algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(7), pp. 5712-5721. (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2782203)

Liu, B. , Yang, H. and Lancaster, M. J. (2018) Synthesis of coupling matrix for diplexers based on a self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 66(2), pp. 813-821. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2772855)

Yang, H., Dhayalan, Y., Shang, X., Lancaster, M. J., Liu, B. , Wang, H., Henry, M. and Huggard, P. G. (2018) WR-3 waveguide bandpass filters fabricated using high precision CNC machining and SU-8 photoresist technology. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 8(1), pp. 100-107. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2775441)

Arabi, O., Ali, N.T., Liu, B. , Abd-Alhameed, R.A. and Excell, P.S. (2018) Compact MIMO antenna array design for wireless applications. In: Elfergani, I., Hussaini, A. S., Rodriguez, J. and Abd-Alhameed, R. (eds.) Antenna Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond. Springer: Cham, pp. 173-190. ISBN 9783319639666 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63967-3_9)

Tziris, E. N., Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K., Zaharis, Z. D., Cosmas, J. P., Liu, B. and Glover, I. A. (2018) 1.62 GHz Circularly Polarized Pin-Fed Notched Circular Patch Antenna. In: 2018 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting (AT-RASC), Meloneras, Spain, 28 May - 01 Jun 2018, ISBN 9789082598735 (doi: 10.23919/URSI-AT-RASC.2018.8471447)

2017

Liu, B. , Irvine, A., Akinsolu, M. O., Arabi, O., Grout, V. and Ali, N. (2017) GUI design exploration software for microwave antennas. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 4(4), pp. 274-281. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcde.2017.04.001)

Di Barba, P., Liu, B. , Mognaschi, M. E., Venini, P. and Wiak, S. (2017) Multiphysics field analysis and evolutionary optimization: design of an electro-thermo-elastic microactuator. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, 54(3), pp. 433-448. (doi: 10.3233/JAE-160118)

Liu, B. , Yang, H. and Lancaster, M. J. (2017) Global optimization of microwave filters based on a surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 65(6), pp. 1976-1985. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2661739)

Liu, B. , Koziel, S. and Ali, N. (2017) SADEA-II: a generalized method for efficient global optimization of antenna design. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 4(2), pp. 86-97. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcde.2016.11.002)

2016

Liu, B. , Koziel, S. and Zhang, Q. (2016) A multi-fidelity surrogate-model-assisted evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive optimization problems. Journal of Computational Science, 12, pp. 28-37. (doi: 10.1016/j.jocs.2015.11.004)

Liu, B. and Nikolaeva, A. (2016) Efficient Global Optimization of MEMS Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm. In: 2016 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany, 14-18 Mar 2016, pp. 555-558. ISBN 9783981537079

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q. and Gielen, G. (2016) A surrogate-model-assisted evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive design optimization problems with inequality constraints. In: Koziel, S., Leifsson, L. and Yang, X.-S. (eds.) Simulation-Driven Modeling and Optimization: ASDOM, Reykjavik, August 2014. Series: Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics (153). Springer: Cham, pp. 347-370. ISBN 9783319275154 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27517-8_14)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Grout, V. and Gielen, G. (2016) A Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm for Computationally Expensive Design Optimization Problems With Discrete Variables. In: 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24-29 Jul 2016, pp. 1650-1657. ISBN 9781509006236 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2016.7743986)

2015

Wu, M., Kwong, S., Zhang, Q., Li, K., Wang, R. and Liu, B. (2015) Two-Level Stable Matching-Based Selection in MOEA/D. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Kowloon, China, 09-12 Oct 2015, pp. 1720-1725. ISBN 9781479986972 (doi: 10.1109/SMC.2015.302)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gielen, G., Karkar, A., Yakovlev, A. and Grout, V. (2015) SMAS: a generalized and efficient framework for computationally expensive electronic design optimization problems. In: Fakhfakh, M., Tlelo-Cuautle, E. and Siarry, P. (eds.) Computational Intelligence in Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) and Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuit Design. Springer: Cham, pp. 251-275. ISBN 9783319198712 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19872-9_9)

Liu, B. and Koziel, S. (2015) Antenna Array Optimization Using Surrogate-model Aware Evolutionary Algorithm With Local Search. In: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 19-24 Jul 2015, pp. 1330-1331. ISBN 9781479978151 (doi: 10.1109/APS.2015.7305054)

2014

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2014) A Gaussian process surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for medium scale expensive optimization problems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 18(2), pp. 180-192. (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2248012)

Liu, B. , Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2014) Gaspad: a general and efficient mm-wave integrated circuit synthesis method based on surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 33(2), pp. 169-182. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2013.2284109)

Liu, B. , Aliakbarian, H., Ma, Z., Vandenbosch, G. A.E., Gielen, G. and Excell, P. (2014) An efficient method for antenna design optimization based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(1), pp. 7-18. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2283605)

Liu, B. , Chen, Q., Zhang, Q., Gielen, G. and Grout, V. (2014) Behavioral Study of the Surrogate Model-aware Evolutionary Search Framework. In: 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Beijing, China, 06-11 Jul 2014, pp. 715-722. ISBN 9781479914883 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2014.6900373)

Liu, B. , Gielen, G. and Fernández, F. V. (2014) Automated Design of Analog and High-Frequency Circuits: a Computational Intelligence Approach. Series: Studies in computational intelligence (501). Springer: Berlin ; Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642391613 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39162-0)

Wu, M., Karkar, A., Liu, B. , Yakovlev, A., Gielen, G. and Grout, V. (2014) Network on Chip Optimization Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms. In: 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Beijing, China, 06-11 Jul 2014, pp. 3266-3271. ISBN 9781479914883 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2014.6900559)

2013

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2013) An efficient evolutionary algorithm for chance-constrained bi-objective stochastic optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 17(6), pp. 786-796. (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2244898)

Liu, B. and Gielen, G. (2013) Efficient synthesis methods for high-frequency integrated passive components and amplifiers. In: Fakhfakh, M., Tlelo-Cuautle, E. and Castro-Lopez, R. (eds.) Analog/RF and Mixed-Signal Circuit Systematic Design. Series: Lecture notes in electrical engineering (233). Springer: Berlin ; New York, pp. 27-52. ISBN 9783642363283 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36329-0_2)

2012

Liu, B. , Deferm, N., Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2012) An efficient high-frequency linear RF amplifier synthesis method based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 31(7), pp. 981-993. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2012.2187207)

Liu, B. , Aliakbarian, H., Radiom, S., Vandenbosch, G. A.E. and Gielen, G. (2012) Efficient Multi-objective Synthesis for Microwave Components Based on Computational Intelligence Techniques. In: DAC Design Automation Conference 2012, San Francisco, CA, USA, 03-07 Jun 2012, pp. 542-548. ISBN 9781450311991

Liu, B. , Messaoudi, J. and Gielen, G. (2012) A Fast Analog Circuit Yield Estimation Method for Medium and High Dimensional Problems. In: 2012 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany, 12-16 Mar 2012, ISBN 9781457721458 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2012.6176569)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2012) Self-adaptive Lower Confidence Dound: a New General and Effective Prescreening Method for Gaussian Process Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms. In: 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Brisbane, Australia, 10-15 Jun 2012, ISBN 9781467315098 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2012.6256585)

2011

Liu, B. , Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2011) Synthesis of integrated passive components for high-frequency RF ICs based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 30(11), pp. 1458-1468. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2162067)

Liu, B. , Fernandez, F. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2011) Efficient and accurate statistical analog yield optimization and variation-aware circuit sizing based on computational intelligence techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 30(6), pp. 793-805. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2106850)

Liu, B. , He, Y., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. (2011) Global Optimization of Integrated Transformers for High Frequency Microwave Circuits Using a Gaussian Process Based Surrogate Model. In: 2011 Design, Automation and Test in Europe, Grenoble, France, 14-18 Mar 2011, ISBN 9783981080186 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2011.5763181)

Liu, B. , Pak, M., Zheng, X. and Gielen, G. (2011) A Novel Operating-point Driven Method for the Sizing of Analog IC. In: 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 May 2011, pp. 781-784. ISBN 9781424494743 (doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2011.5937682)

2010

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2010) An Accurate and Efficient Yield Optimization Method for Analog Circuits Based on Computing Budget Allocation and Memetic Search Technique. In: 2010 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 2010), Dresden, Germany, 08-12 Mar 2010, ISBN 9783981080162 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2010.5456974)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Zhang, Q., Pak, M., Sipahi, S. and Gielen, G. (2010) An Enhanced MOEA/D-DE and its Application to Multiobjective Analog Cell Sizing. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Barcelona, Spain, 18-23 Jul 2010, ISBN 9781424469116 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2010.5585957)

2009

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., De Jonghe, D. and Gielen, G. (2009) Less Expensive and High Quality Stopping Criteria for MC-based Analog IC Yield Optimization. In: 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2009), Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia, 13-16 Dec 2009, pp. 267-270. ISBN 9781424450909 (doi: 10.1109/ICECS.2009.5410991)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gielen, G., Castro-López, R. and Roca, E. (2009) A memetic approach to the automatic design of high-performance analog integrated circuits. ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES), 14(3), 42. (doi: 10.1145/1529255.1529264)

Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Liu, L., Li, M., Wang, Z., Lu, J. and Fernández, F. V. (2009) Analog circuit optimization system based on hybrid evolutionary algorithms. Integration, 42(2), pp. 137-148. (doi: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2008.04.003)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gao, P. and Gielen, G. (2009) A Fuzzy Selection Based Constraint Handling Method for Multi-objective Optimization of Analog Cells. In: 2009 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Antalya, Turkey, 23-27 Aug 2009, pp. 611-614. ISBN 9781424438969

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2009) Fuzzy Selection Based Differential Evolution Algorithm for Analog Cell Sizing Capturing Imprecise Human Intentions. In: 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Trondheim, Norway, 18-21 May 2009, pp. 622-629. ISBN 9781424429585 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2009.4983003)

2008

Liu, B. , Lu, J., Wang, Y. and Tang, Y. (2008) An effective parameter extraction method based on memetic differential evolution algorithm. Microelectronics Journal, 39(12), pp. 1761-1769. (doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2008.02.021)

Liu, B. , Zhang, X. and Ma, H. (2008) Hybrid Differential Evolution for Noisy Optimization. In: 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, China, 01-06 Jun 2008, pp. 587-592. ISBN 9781424418220 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2008.4630855)

2007

Zhang, L., Tang, Y., Liu, B. , Yang, L. and Wang, Y. (2007) Modeling of Double-π Equivalent Circuit for On-chip Differential Spiral Inductors. In: 2007 IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, Tainan, Taiwan, 20-22 Dec 2007, pp. 769-772. ISBN 9781424406364 (doi: 10.1109/EDSSC.2007.4450239)

Liu, B. , Ma, H., Zhang, X. and Zhou, Y. (2007) A Memetic Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution Algorithm for Constrained Optimization. In: 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Singapore, 25-28 Sep 2007, pp. 2996-3002. ISBN 9781424413393 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2007.4424853)

Lu, J., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Li, M., Ma, L., Wang, Z. and Yu, Z.P. (2007) A New 20-element Distributed Small-Signal Model and Integrated Intelligent Extraction Method applied to AlGaN/GaN HEMTs up to 40GHz. In: 2007 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2007), Ibaraki, Japan, 18-21 Sep 2007,

Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, J. and Liu, B. (2007) Optimization of Sequencing for Aircraft Arrival Based on Approach Routes. In: 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2007, pp. 592-596. ISBN 9781424413959 (doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357670)

Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Liu, B. and Wang, Z. (2007) The Air Traffic Flow Management With Dynamic Capacity and Co-evolutionary Genetic Algorithm. In: 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2007, pp. 580-585. ISBN 9781424413959 (doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357707)

This list was generated on Fri Jun 9 22:45:50 2023 BST.
Jump to: Articles | Books | Book Sections | Conference or Workshop Item | Conference Proceedings
Number of items: 87.

Articles

Zhang, Z., Liu, B. , Yu, Y., Imran, M. , Cheng, Q. S. and Yu, M. (2023) A surrogate modeling space definition method for efficient filter yield optimization. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, 33(6), pp. 631-634. (doi: 10.1109/LMWT.2023.3243524)

Xue, L., Liu, B. , Yu, Y., Cheng, Q. S., Imran, M. and Qiao, T. (2023) An unsupervised microwave filter design optimization method based on a hybrid surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 71(3), pp. 1159-1170. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3219072)

Chou, H.-T., Wu, R.-Z., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, Y. and Liu, B. (2022) Radiation optimization for phased arrays of antennas incorporating the constraints of active reflection coefficients. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(12), pp. 11707-11717. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3209660)

Liu, Y. , Liu, B. , Ur-Rehman, M., Imran, M. A. , Akinsolu, M. O., Excell, P. and Hua, Q. (2022) An efficient method for antenna design based on a self-adaptive bayesian neural network assisted global optimization technique. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(12), pp. 11375-11388. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3211732)

Yu, Y., Zhang, Z., Cheng, Q. S., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Guo, C. and Ye, T. T. (2022) State-of-the-art: AI-assisted surrogate modeling and optimization for microwave filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 70(11), pp. 4635-4651. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3208898)

Zheng, Q., Guo, C., Ding, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Vandenbosch, G. A. E. (2022) A wideband low-RCS metasurface-inspired circularly polarized slot array based on AI-driven antenna design optimization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(9), pp. 8584-8589. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3161389)

Yu, Y., Liu, B. , Wang, Y. and Cheng, Q. S. (2022) Automated diplexer design with key performance indicator-based objectives. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 32(7), pp. 827-830. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2022.3150312)

He, R., Lau, B. K., Oestges, C., Haneda, K. and Liu, B. (2022) Guest editorial artificial intelligence in radio propagation for communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3934-3938. (doi: 10.1109/tap.2022.3178164)

Huang, C. et al. (2022) Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications—part I: channel characterization and antenna-channel optimization. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3939-3954. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3149663)

Huang, C. et al. (2022) Artificial intelligence enabled radio propagation for communications—part II: scenario identification and channel modeling. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(6), pp. 3955-3969. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3149665)

Zhang, Z., Liu, B. , Yu, Y. and Cheng, Q. S. (2022) A microwave filter yield optimization method based on off-line surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 70(6), pp. 2925-2934. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3163745)

Abbasi, M. A. B., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Yurduseven, O., Fusco, V. F. and Imran, M. A. (2022) Machine learning-assisted lens-loaded cavity response optimization for improved direction-of-arrival estimation. Scientific Reports, 12, 8511. (doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12011-z)

Budak, A., Gandara, M., Shi, W., Pan, D., Sun, N. and Liu, B. (2022) An efficient analog circuit sizing method based on machine learning assisted global optimization. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 41(5), pp. 1209-1221. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2021.3081405)

Zhang, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Zhang, S. (2022) Design of zero clearance SIW endfire antenna array using machine learning-assisted optimization. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(5), pp. 3858-3863. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3137500)

Abbasi, M. A. B., Yurduseven, O., Akinsolu, M. O., Fusco, V. F., Liu, B. , Khalily, M., Cotton, S. L. and Imran, M. A. (2022) Machine learning‐assisted direction‐of‐arrival accuracy enhancement technique using oversized lens‐loaded cavity. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 16(6), pp. 305-315. (doi: 10.1049/mia2.12257)

Alibakhshikenari, M. et al. (2022) Dual-polarized highly folded bowtie antenna with slotted self-grounded structure for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 70(4), pp. 3028-3033. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3118784)

Youn, Y. et al. (2022) Dome-shaped mmWave lens antenna optimization for wide-angle scanning and scan loss mitigation using geometric optics and multiple scattering. IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques, 7, pp. 142-150. (doi: 10.1109/JMMCT.2022.3180550)

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O., Song, C., Hua, Q., Huang, Y., Excell, P., Imran, M. and Xu, Q. (2021) An efficient method for complex antenna design based on a self adaptive surrogate model assisted optimization technique. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(4), pp. 2302-2315. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3051034)

Zhang, J., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Vandenbosch, G. A.E. (2021) Automatic AI-driven design of mutual coupling reducing topologies for frequency reconfigurable antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69(3), pp. 1831-1836. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3012792)

Arabi, O., See, C. H., Ullah, A., Ali, N., Liu, B. , Abd-Alhameed, R., McEwan, N. J. and Excell, P. S. (2020) Compact wideband MIMO diversity antenna for mobile applications using multi-layered structure. Electronics, 9(8), 1307. (doi: 10.3390/electronics9081307)

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., See, C. H., Abd-Alhameed, R. and Liu, B. (2020) Design and optimization of a slotted monopole antenna for ultra-wide band body centric imaging applications. IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, 4(2), pp. 140-147. (doi: 10.1109/JERM.2020.2984910)

Yu, Y., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Lancaster, M. J. and Cheng, Q. S. (2020) A general coupling matrix synthesis method for all-resonator diplexers and multiplexers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 68(3), pp. 987-999. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2019.2957430)

Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K., Mognaschi, M. E., Di Barba, P. and Zaharis, Z. D. (2020) Efficient design optimization of high-performance MEMS based on a surrogate-assisted self-adaptive differential evolution. IEEE Access, 8, pp. 80256-80268. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2990455)

Alibakhshikenari, M. et al. (2020) A comprehensive survey of "metamaterial transmission-line based antennas: design, challenges, and applications". IEEE Access, 8, pp. 144778-144808. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3013698)

Mistry, K. K., Lazaridis, P. I., Zaharis, Z. D., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Xenos, T. D., Glover, I. A. and Prasad, R. (2019) Time and frequency domain simulation, measurement and optimization of log-periodic antennas. Wireless Personal Communications, 107(2), pp. 771-783. (doi: 10.1007/s11277-019-06299-w)

Grout, V., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K. and Zaharis, Z. D. (2019) Software solutions for antenna design exploration: a comparison of packages, tools, techniques, and algorithms for various design challenges. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 61(3), pp. 48-59. (doi: 10.1109/MAP.2019.2907887)

Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Grout, V., Lazaridis, P. I. and Mognaschi, M. E. (2019) A parallel surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for electromagnetic design optimization. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, 3(2), pp. 93-105. (doi: 10.1109/TETCI.2018.2864747)

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O., Ali, N. and Abd-Akganeed, R. (2019) Efficient global optimisation of microwave antennas based on a parallel surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 13(2), pp. 149-155. (doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2018.5009)

Hua, Q., Huang, Y., Song, C., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. , Jia, T., Xu, Q. and Alieldin, A. (2019) A novel compact quadruple-band indoor base station antenna for 2G/3G/4G/5G systems. IEEE Access, 7, pp. 151350-151358. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947778)

Liu, B. , Grout, V. and Nikolaeva, A. (2018) Efficient global optimization of actuator based on a surrogate model assisted hybrid algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(7), pp. 5712-5721. (doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2782203)

Liu, B. , Yang, H. and Lancaster, M. J. (2018) Synthesis of coupling matrix for diplexers based on a self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 66(2), pp. 813-821. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2772855)

Yang, H., Dhayalan, Y., Shang, X., Lancaster, M. J., Liu, B. , Wang, H., Henry, M. and Huggard, P. G. (2018) WR-3 waveguide bandpass filters fabricated using high precision CNC machining and SU-8 photoresist technology. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 8(1), pp. 100-107. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2775441)

Liu, B. , Irvine, A., Akinsolu, M. O., Arabi, O., Grout, V. and Ali, N. (2017) GUI design exploration software for microwave antennas. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 4(4), pp. 274-281. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcde.2017.04.001)

Di Barba, P., Liu, B. , Mognaschi, M. E., Venini, P. and Wiak, S. (2017) Multiphysics field analysis and evolutionary optimization: design of an electro-thermo-elastic microactuator. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, 54(3), pp. 433-448. (doi: 10.3233/JAE-160118)

Liu, B. , Yang, H. and Lancaster, M. J. (2017) Global optimization of microwave filters based on a surrogate model-assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 65(6), pp. 1976-1985. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2661739)

Liu, B. , Koziel, S. and Ali, N. (2017) SADEA-II: a generalized method for efficient global optimization of antenna design. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 4(2), pp. 86-97. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcde.2016.11.002)

Liu, B. , Koziel, S. and Zhang, Q. (2016) A multi-fidelity surrogate-model-assisted evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive optimization problems. Journal of Computational Science, 12, pp. 28-37. (doi: 10.1016/j.jocs.2015.11.004)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2014) A Gaussian process surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm for medium scale expensive optimization problems. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 18(2), pp. 180-192. (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2248012)

Liu, B. , Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2014) Gaspad: a general and efficient mm-wave integrated circuit synthesis method based on surrogate model assisted evolutionary algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 33(2), pp. 169-182. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2013.2284109)

Liu, B. , Aliakbarian, H., Ma, Z., Vandenbosch, G. A.E., Gielen, G. and Excell, P. (2014) An efficient method for antenna design optimization based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(1), pp. 7-18. (doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2283605)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2013) An efficient evolutionary algorithm for chance-constrained bi-objective stochastic optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 17(6), pp. 786-796. (doi: 10.1109/TEVC.2013.2244898)

Liu, B. , Deferm, N., Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2012) An efficient high-frequency linear RF amplifier synthesis method based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 31(7), pp. 981-993. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2012.2187207)

Liu, B. , Zhao, D., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2011) Synthesis of integrated passive components for high-frequency RF ICs based on evolutionary computation and machine learning techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 30(11), pp. 1458-1468. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2162067)

Liu, B. , Fernandez, F. and Gielen, G. G.E. (2011) Efficient and accurate statistical analog yield optimization and variation-aware circuit sizing based on computational intelligence techniques. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 30(6), pp. 793-805. (doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2011.2106850)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gielen, G., Castro-López, R. and Roca, E. (2009) A memetic approach to the automatic design of high-performance analog integrated circuits. ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES), 14(3), 42. (doi: 10.1145/1529255.1529264)

Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Yu, Z., Liu, L., Li, M., Wang, Z., Lu, J. and Fernández, F. V. (2009) Analog circuit optimization system based on hybrid evolutionary algorithms. Integration, 42(2), pp. 137-148. (doi: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2008.04.003)

Liu, B. , Lu, J., Wang, Y. and Tang, Y. (2008) An effective parameter extraction method based on memetic differential evolution algorithm. Microelectronics Journal, 39(12), pp. 1761-1769. (doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2008.02.021)

Books

Liu, B. , Gielen, G. and Fernández, F. V. (2014) Automated Design of Analog and High-Frequency Circuits: a Computational Intelligence Approach. Series: Studies in computational intelligence (501). Springer: Berlin ; Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642391613 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39162-0)

Book Sections

Arabi, O., Ali, N.T., Liu, B. , Abd-Alhameed, R.A. and Excell, P.S. (2018) Compact MIMO antenna array design for wireless applications. In: Elfergani, I., Hussaini, A. S., Rodriguez, J. and Abd-Alhameed, R. (eds.) Antenna Fundamentals for Legacy Mobile Applications and Beyond. Springer: Cham, pp. 173-190. ISBN 9783319639666 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63967-3_9)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q. and Gielen, G. (2016) A surrogate-model-assisted evolutionary algorithm for computationally expensive design optimization problems with inequality constraints. In: Koziel, S., Leifsson, L. and Yang, X.-S. (eds.) Simulation-Driven Modeling and Optimization: ASDOM, Reykjavik, August 2014. Series: Springer proceedings in mathematics & statistics (153). Springer: Cham, pp. 347-370. ISBN 9783319275154 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27517-8_14)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gielen, G., Karkar, A., Yakovlev, A. and Grout, V. (2015) SMAS: a generalized and efficient framework for computationally expensive electronic design optimization problems. In: Fakhfakh, M., Tlelo-Cuautle, E. and Siarry, P. (eds.) Computational Intelligence in Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) and Radio-Frequency (RF) Circuit Design. Springer: Cham, pp. 251-275. ISBN 9783319198712 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19872-9_9)

Liu, B. and Gielen, G. (2013) Efficient synthesis methods for high-frequency integrated passive components and amplifiers. In: Fakhfakh, M., Tlelo-Cuautle, E. and Castro-Lopez, R. (eds.) Analog/RF and Mixed-Signal Circuit Systematic Design. Series: Lecture notes in electrical engineering (233). Springer: Berlin ; New York, pp. 27-52. ISBN 9783642363283 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-36329-0_2)

Conference or Workshop Item

Fotouhi, S. , Zhang, Z., He, M., Hao, Y., Giles-Donovan, N., Giuseppe Fenu, N. , Liu, B. and Cochran, S. (2023) Full-property Measurement for Piezoelectric Devices through Applied Artificial Intelligence. UIA51: Ultrasonic Industry Association, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 24-26 Apr 2023.

Fotouhi, S. , Zhang, Z., He, M., Hao, Y., Giles-Donovan, N., Giuseppe Fenu, N., Liu, B. and Cochran, S. (2023) Towards Miniature Single Sample Characterisation (MSSC) of Piezoelectric Material with a Single Experimental Measurement. 2023 ISAF-ISIF-PFM Joint Conference, Cleveland, OH, USA, 23-27 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)

Conference Proceedings

Zubair, M., Akinsolu, M. O., Abohmra, A., Imran, M. A. , Liu, B. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2023) Terahertz Antenna Design Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Portland, Oregon, USA, 23–28 July 2023, (Accepted for Publication)

Zubair, M., Jabbar, A. , Akinsolu, M. O., Imran, M. A. , Liu, B. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2022) Design of Truncated Microstrip Square Patch Antenna for Terahertz Communication. In: 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, 10-15 Jul 2022, pp. 1558-1559. ISBN 9781665496582 (doi: 10.1109/AP-S/USNC-URSI47032.2022.9886809)

Wang, J., Xue, L.-Y., Liu, B. and Li, C. (2022) Design of Terahertz InP pHEMT Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: European Microwave Week 2021, London, UK, 02-07 Apr 2022, pp. 67-70. ISBN 9781665447225 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9784068)

Budak, A. F., Bhansali, P., Liu, B. , Sun, N., Pan, D. Z. and Kashyap, C. V. (2021) DNN-Opt: An RL Inspired Optimization for Analog Circuit Sizing using Deep Neural Networks. In: 2021 58th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 05-09 Dec 2021, pp. 1219-1224. ISBN 9781665432740 (doi: 10.1109/DAC18074.2021.9586139)

Zhang, W., Zhou, J., Huang, Y., Akinsolu, M. O., He, M. and Liu, B. (2021) A Dual-Band Metasurface-Based Antenna with Shorting Pins. In: 2021 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP), Chongqing, China, 15-17 Nov 2021, pp. 240-242. ISBN 9781665428194 (doi: 10.1109/IMWS-AMP53428.2021.9643878)

Liu, B. , Akinsolu, M. O. and Zhang, Q. (2020) Hybrid Single and Multiobjective Optimization for Engineering Design without Exact Specifications. In: IEEE WCCI 2020, Glasgow, UK, 19-24 July 2020, ISBN 9781728169293 (doi: 10.1109/CEC48606.2020.9185804)

Akinsolu, M. O., Mistry, K. K., Liu, B. , Lazaridis, P. I. and Excell, P. (2020) Machine Learning-assisted Antenna Design optimization: A Review and the State-of-the-art. In: 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-20 Mar 2020, ISBN 9781728137124 (doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135936)

Mistry, K. K., Lazaridis, P. I., Zaharis, Z. D., Akinsolu, M. O., Liu, B. and Loh, T. (2019) Accurate Antenna Gain Estimation Using the Two-Antenna Method. In: Antennas and Propagation Conference 2019, Birmingham, UK, 11-12 Nov 2019,

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., Mohammad, B., Eya, E., Abd-Alhameed, R., Noras, J.M. and Liu, B. (2019) A Compact Size and Low Profile Rectangular Slot Monopole Antenna for UWB Body Centric Applications. In: 2019 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Atlanta, GA, USA, 07-12 Jul 2019, pp. 91-92. ISBN 9781728106953 (doi: 10.1109/USNC-URSI.2019.8861713)

Danjuma, I. M., Akinsolu, M. O., Oguntala, G., Asahraa, A., Abd-Alhameed, R. A., Bin-Melha, M., Elfergani, I.T.E., Rodriguez, J. and Liu, B. (2018) A T Slot Monopole Antenna for UWB Microwave Imaging Applications. In: The Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC 2018), Loughborough, UK, 12-13 Nov 2018, ISBN 9781785619694 (doi: 10.1049/cp.2018.1491)

Tziris, E. N., Lazaridis, P. I., Mistry, K. K., Zaharis, Z. D., Cosmas, J. P., Liu, B. and Glover, I. A. (2018) 1.62 GHz Circularly Polarized Pin-Fed Notched Circular Patch Antenna. In: 2018 2nd URSI Atlantic Radio Science Meeting (AT-RASC), Meloneras, Spain, 28 May - 01 Jun 2018, ISBN 9789082598735 (doi: 10.23919/URSI-AT-RASC.2018.8471447)

Liu, B. and Nikolaeva, A. (2016) Efficient Global Optimization of MEMS Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm. In: 2016 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany, 14-18 Mar 2016, pp. 555-558. ISBN 9783981537079

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Grout, V. and Gielen, G. (2016) A Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm for Computationally Expensive Design Optimization Problems With Discrete Variables. In: 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24-29 Jul 2016, pp. 1650-1657. ISBN 9781509006236 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2016.7743986)

Wu, M., Kwong, S., Zhang, Q., Li, K., Wang, R. and Liu, B. (2015) Two-Level Stable Matching-Based Selection in MOEA/D. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Kowloon, China, 09-12 Oct 2015, pp. 1720-1725. ISBN 9781479986972 (doi: 10.1109/SMC.2015.302)

Liu, B. and Koziel, S. (2015) Antenna Array Optimization Using Surrogate-model Aware Evolutionary Algorithm With Local Search. In: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 19-24 Jul 2015, pp. 1330-1331. ISBN 9781479978151 (doi: 10.1109/APS.2015.7305054)

Liu, B. , Chen, Q., Zhang, Q., Gielen, G. and Grout, V. (2014) Behavioral Study of the Surrogate Model-aware Evolutionary Search Framework. In: 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Beijing, China, 06-11 Jul 2014, pp. 715-722. ISBN 9781479914883 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2014.6900373)

Wu, M., Karkar, A., Liu, B. , Yakovlev, A., Gielen, G. and Grout, V. (2014) Network on Chip Optimization Based on Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms. In: 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Beijing, China, 06-11 Jul 2014, pp. 3266-3271. ISBN 9781479914883 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2014.6900559)

Liu, B. , Aliakbarian, H., Radiom, S., Vandenbosch, G. A.E. and Gielen, G. (2012) Efficient Multi-objective Synthesis for Microwave Components Based on Computational Intelligence Techniques. In: DAC Design Automation Conference 2012, San Francisco, CA, USA, 03-07 Jun 2012, pp. 542-548. ISBN 9781450311991

Liu, B. , Messaoudi, J. and Gielen, G. (2012) A Fast Analog Circuit Yield Estimation Method for Medium and High Dimensional Problems. In: 2012 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany, 12-16 Mar 2012, ISBN 9781457721458 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2012.6176569)

Liu, B. , Zhang, Q., Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2012) Self-adaptive Lower Confidence Dound: a New General and Effective Prescreening Method for Gaussian Process Surrogate Model Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms. In: 2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Brisbane, Australia, 10-15 Jun 2012, ISBN 9781467315098 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2012.6256585)

Liu, B. , He, Y., Reynaert, P. and Gielen, G. (2011) Global Optimization of Integrated Transformers for High Frequency Microwave Circuits Using a Gaussian Process Based Surrogate Model. In: 2011 Design, Automation and Test in Europe, Grenoble, France, 14-18 Mar 2011, ISBN 9783981080186 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2011.5763181)

Liu, B. , Pak, M., Zheng, X. and Gielen, G. (2011) A Novel Operating-point Driven Method for the Sizing of Analog IC. In: 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 15-18 May 2011, pp. 781-784. ISBN 9781424494743 (doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2011.5937682)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2010) An Accurate and Efficient Yield Optimization Method for Analog Circuits Based on Computing Budget Allocation and Memetic Search Technique. In: 2010 Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE 2010), Dresden, Germany, 08-12 Mar 2010, ISBN 9783981080162 (doi: 10.1109/DATE.2010.5456974)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Zhang, Q., Pak, M., Sipahi, S. and Gielen, G. (2010) An Enhanced MOEA/D-DE and its Application to Multiobjective Analog Cell Sizing. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Barcelona, Spain, 18-23 Jul 2010, ISBN 9781424469116 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2010.5585957)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., De Jonghe, D. and Gielen, G. (2009) Less Expensive and High Quality Stopping Criteria for MC-based Analog IC Yield Optimization. In: 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2009), Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia, 13-16 Dec 2009, pp. 267-270. ISBN 9781424450909 (doi: 10.1109/ICECS.2009.5410991)

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V., Gao, P. and Gielen, G. (2009) A Fuzzy Selection Based Constraint Handling Method for Multi-objective Optimization of Analog Cells. In: 2009 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Antalya, Turkey, 23-27 Aug 2009, pp. 611-614. ISBN 9781424438969

Liu, B. , Fernández, F. V. and Gielen, G. (2009) Fuzzy Selection Based Differential Evolution Algorithm for Analog Cell Sizing Capturing Imprecise Human Intentions. In: 2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Trondheim, Norway, 18-21 May 2009, pp. 622-629. ISBN 9781424429585 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2009.4983003)

Liu, B. , Zhang, X. and Ma, H. (2008) Hybrid Differential Evolution for Noisy Optimization. In: 2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence), Hong Kong, China, 01-06 Jun 2008, pp. 587-592. ISBN 9781424418220 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2008.4630855)

Zhang, L., Tang, Y., Liu, B. , Yang, L. and Wang, Y. (2007) Modeling of Double-π Equivalent Circuit for On-chip Differential Spiral Inductors. In: 2007 IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, Tainan, Taiwan, 20-22 Dec 2007, pp. 769-772. ISBN 9781424406364 (doi: 10.1109/EDSSC.2007.4450239)

Liu, B. , Ma, H., Zhang, X. and Zhou, Y. (2007) A Memetic Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution Algorithm for Constrained Optimization. In: 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Singapore, 25-28 Sep 2007, pp. 2996-3002. ISBN 9781424413393 (doi: 10.1109/CEC.2007.4424853)

Lu, J., Liu, B. , Wang, Y., Li, M., Ma, L., Wang, Z. and Yu, Z.P. (2007) A New 20-element Distributed Small-Signal Model and Integrated Intelligent Extraction Method applied to AlGaN/GaN HEMTs up to 40GHz. In: 2007 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2007), Ibaraki, Japan, 18-21 Sep 2007,

Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, J. and Liu, B. (2007) Optimization of Sequencing for Aircraft Arrival Based on Approach Routes. In: 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2007, pp. 592-596. ISBN 9781424413959 (doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357670)

Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Liu, B. and Wang, Z. (2007) The Air Traffic Flow Management With Dynamic Capacity and Co-evolutionary Genetic Algorithm. In: 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2007, pp. 580-585. ISBN 9781424413959 (doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2007.4357707)

This list was generated on Fri Jun 9 22:45:50 2023 BST.

Grants

  • Principal Investigator, “AI-driven design technology for electromagnetic devices and integrated circuits”, MathWorks, £679,150, 2023-2027. 
  • Principal Investigator, "AI-driven antenna design exploration software tool development", EPSRC IAA, £36,000, 2021.
  • Principal Investigator, “Next-generation AI-driven CAD technology for electromagnetic devices”, MathWorks (65%) + University matching (35%), £168,000, 2020-2023. 

  • Senior Consultant (working as principal investigator), “Integrating human and machine intelligence for next-generation interactive analog IC design”, USA National Science Foundation, $799,998 (33%), 2017-2021.

  • Supervisor, mobility funding for the Artificial Intelligence-Driven Engineering Design Automation, European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students, £ 60,204. 2017-2019.

  • Principal Investigator, “Efficient black-box optimization of computationally expensive problems, with applications to electromagnetic design automation”, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (postdoctoral researcher), €76,800, 2012-2013.

  • Principal Investigator, “Computational intelligence techniques for automated design of analog and high-frequency circuits”, Belgium Government Scholarship (PhD researcher), €66,960, 2008-2012.

  • Principal Supporting Scientist, “Intelligent algorithm-based parameter extraction for high-frequency electronic devices”, Accelicon Technologies Inc, $10,000, 2008-2009.

  • Welsh government CRISP funding: £5,000, 2015.

  • Innovate UK innovative voucher: £5,000, 2015.

Supervision

I have successfully supervised five PhD students, obtaining high-quality research outcomes. I am leading the AI-driven design lab (8 PhD students and research assistants) now.

I am welcoming highly motivated PhD students, postdocs, and visiting researchers who have the ambition to change ways of working for future electronic engineers: from experience-driven design to AI-driven design!

Students/Researchers with the following backgrounds are extremely welcome:

  • AI background: You will be the core of the team. Instead of using mathematical benchmark problems, you will use real-world electronic design optimization/synthesis/modeling problems to identify the challenges of existing AI techniques and generate novel and high-performance AI algorithms ready for EE industry use.
  • EE background: For many design problems, the power of AI techniques alone is insufficient and design knowledge must be an equal partner to form a mixed intelligence approach. You will be the core of such novel techniques. You will also be armed with AI knowledge and realize them in real-world analog IC/biomedical system/antenna/filter/diplexer/MEMS/… design, being the first generation of electronic design engineers to apply such AI techniques.
  • Software engineering background: The successful AI-driven design methodologies will be transferred to intelligent CAD tools. You will be the person to embed the new algorithms into renowned CAD tools, and millions of engineers will use your code. You will also develop our own CAD tools, which will be used by leading international design teams. Proposing novel human-computer interaction methods with electronic engineers will also be your playground.  

AI-driven electronic design is at its early stage, but it will be the future. So, let us launch the AI-driven electronic design research area together!

Interested students/researchers, please send me your CV along with a brief description of your background and research interest(s)/direction(s). For potential funding opportunities, please visit the supervision section.

 

Always welcome visiting scholars focusing on SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

CURRENT FULLY FUNDED PHD OPPORTUNITIES

PhD Studentship in Microwave Filter Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in Machine Learning and Optimization with Applications to Analog IC Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in Engineering Optimization (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

PhD Studentship in 5G Leaky-wave Antenna Design (Funded by The MathWorks Inc., application deadline: January 31, 2023)

 

Funding opportunities:

PhD students:

Scholarship from School of Engineering, University of Glasgow: https://www.gla.ac.uk/colleges/scienceengineering/graduateschool/scholarships/

If you are a Chinese student, you may apply for CSC scholarship:

http://www.csc.edu.cn/

There is also a special opportunity for University of Glasgow:

http://www.csc.edu.cn/require/projects2017/200042.pdf

 

Fellowships for Postdocs/Visiting Researchers:

EPSRC Fellowships

The Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowships

Royal Academy of Engineering Fellowships

British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowships

Newton International Fellowships

Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions - Research Fellowship

CSC postgraduate scholarship

  • Liu, Yushi
    Surrogate model-assisted global optimization techniques for 5G base station antenna synthesis
  • Peng, Qiyun
    Real-time imaging and spectroscopic analysis for biomedical diagnosis
  • XUE, Liyuan
    Machine Learning-assisted Global Optimization Techniques for Communication Engineering Applications.
  • Zubair, Muhammad
    AI-driven Design of Microwave Antennas: from Theory to Practice

Teaching

My teaching interests locate in computer science education to engineering students, mainly including programming languages (e.g., C, MATLAB) and AI techniques. Different from traditional computer science education, my teaching aims at arming engineering students with problem-solving skills using computer program and state-of-the-art AI techniques. 

 

Additional information

Bo's non-work activities

https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100014282528179


Bo Liu photo