Dr Michael Foran

  • Lecturer in Public Law (Law)

Biography

Dr Michael Foran joined the law school in 2022, having previously taught at the University of Strathclyde from 2020-22. He completed his PhD in Constitutional Theory at the University of Cambridge and holds degrees from the London School of Economics (MSc in Law and Anthropology) and Trinity College Dublin (LLB).

He specialises in constitutional law with a particular focus on the rule of law, legal equality, and the common law constitutional tradition. 

In 2022 he was a visiting researcher at the Common Good Project, University of Oxford. 

Research interests

Public Law: The Rule of Law, Equality Before the Law, Common Law Theory, Common Good Constitutionalism, Judicial Review

Jurisprudence: Legal and Political Theory, Natural Law Theory, Fundamental Rights, Natural Justice

Publications

List by: Type | Date

Jump to: 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019
Number of items: 57.

2025

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2025) It's not what you said, it's the way that you said it: manifesting protected beliefs in the workplace following Higgs v Farmor's School. Industrial Law Journal, (doi: 10.1093/indlaw/dwaf017) (Early Online Publication)

2024

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Discrimination and manifestation of belief: Higgs v Farmer's School [2023] EAT 89. Industrial Law Journal, 53(2), pp. 285-304. (doi: 10.1093/indlaw/dwae009)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373, Macdonald, Calum, Aberdein, Geoff and Maciver, Andy (2024) Wood-burners, Labour leads, and Hate Crimes Q&A... with Michael Foran. [Audio]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) What does the Scottish Hate Crime and Public Order Act really say? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) The 'conversion therapy' ban still makes for bad law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Defining sex in law. Law Quarterly Review, (Accepted for Publication)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Common law and the common good. In: The Promise of Legality: Critical Reflections Upon the Work of T.R.S. Allan. Hart Publishing. (In Press)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Can Scottish parents be jailed for denying their child's gender identity? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) The Right to be Gender Critical. [Website]

2023

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) [Interview with Julie Bindle] Why Sturgeons trans bill threatens women. [Audio]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equality Before the Law: Equal Dignity, Wrongful Discrimination, and the Rule of Law. Series: Hart studies in constitutional theory. Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781509964949 (In Press)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Section 35 and The Separation of Powers: On the role of unwritten constitutional principles in interpreting the Scotland Act. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Scotland's gender ruling is a victory for feminists. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Trans kids and schools. [Audio]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 and Moshikaro, Khomotso (2023) The virtues and vices of scholarly activism. Constitutional Court Review, 13(1), pp. 17-32. (doi: 10.2989/CCR.2023.0003)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Scottish feminists lose appeal on definition of ‘woman’. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Justice, Peace, and the Rule of Law. [Website]

Cunningham, Naomi and Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) When the truth offends. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Legality without liberalism: The rule of law and the environmental emergency. Edinburgh Law Review, 27(3), pp. 345-363. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2023.0851)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A Note on Legal Definitions: When should law define “woman”? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A bill must be a scalpel: the new “Conversion Therapy Bill” must be precise and accurate. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) On protecting characteristics: the facts about gender, schools and law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Why Mermaids lost: there is no right to avoid criticism. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Citizenship as civic relationship: U.M. v Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade [2022] IESC 25. Irish Supreme Court Review, 5,

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) The law as it is. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equality Act and Sex: Important Scots Cases on the Horizon. [Website]

Foran, Michael P. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 and Casey, Conor (2023) Constitutionalism and the Common Good: on the role of unwritten principles. In: St-Hilaire, Maxime, Alford, Ryan and Kinsinger, Kristopher (eds.) Supreme Court Law Review, 2nd Series. LexisNexis, pp. 169-196. ISBN 9780433523772 (doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4134632)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Comedy club cancellation of Joanna Cherry event is likely unlawful discrimination. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Rights, common good, and the separation of powers. Modern Law Review, 86(3), pp. 599-628. (doi: 10.1111/1468-2230.12769)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A great forgetting: common law, natural law, and The Human Rights Act. In: Johnson, Richard and Zhu, Yuan Yi (eds.) Sceptical Perspectives on the Changing Constitution of the United Kingdom. Hart Publishing: London, pp. 77-105. ISBN 9781509963706

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Section 35 showdown reveals Scottish government’s ‘peculiar’ arguments. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Ministers must grasp the nettle on equality law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Getting the Equality Act Right. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Why Scotland's gender reform bill affects the whole UK. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) The Scottish Gender Recognition Reform Bill: The Case for a Section 35 Order. Technical Report. Policy Exchange.

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equal dignity and the common good. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 46(3), pp. 1009-1028.

2022

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Why the UK Government could still block Scotland's gender reform. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Self-ID law may lead to clash with the Equality Act. Times,

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Sex, Gender, and the Scotland Act. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Prime Ministers, Party Members, and the Efficient Secret. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) The constitutional foundations of reasonableness review: artificial reason and wrongful discrimination. Edinburgh Law Review, 26(3), pp. 295-320. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2022.0781)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Interpretation after the Human Rights Act? The Principle of Legality and The Rule of Law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Reorienting Constitutional Theory. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) For Whom the Bell Tolls: Prime-ministerial Resignation and the Political Constitution. [Website]

Foran, Michael P. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Grounding unlawful discrimination. Legal Theory, 28(1), pp. 3-34. (doi: 10.1017/S1352325221000264)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) John Laws, The Constitutional Balance. Edinburgh Law Review, 26(1), pp. 144-147. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2022.0754)[Book Review]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) The cornerstone of our law: equality, consistency and judicial review. Cambridge Law Journal, 81(2), pp. 249-272. (doi: 10.1017/s000819732200023x)

2021

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Parliamentary sovereignty and the politics of law-making. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Rights and the common good. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Shamima Begum, the separation of powers, and the common good. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) The emergency paradox: constitutional interpretation in times of crisis. Edinburgh Law Review, 25(1), pp. 118-124. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2021.0679)

2020

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Constitutional Legitimacy, Artificial Reason, and the Common Law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Against Consistency as a Ground of Review. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Equality before the law: a substantive constitutional principle. Public Law, 2, pp. 287-306.

2019

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) Discrimination as an individual wrong. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 39(4), pp. 901-929. (doi: 10.1093/ojls/gqz026)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) Foundations of Indirect Discrimination Law. Edited by Hugh Collins and Tarunabh Khaitan. [Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2018. x + 292 pp. Hardback £65.00. ISBN 978-15-09912-54-4.]. Cambridge Law Journal, 78(1), pp. 231-234. (doi: 10.1017/S0008197318000934)[Book Review]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) The rule of good law: form, substance, and fundamental rights. Cambridge Law Journal, 78(3), pp. 570-595. (doi: 10.1017/S0008197319000618)

This list was generated on Sat Jul 5 03:09:30 2025 BST.
Number of items: 57.

Articles

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2025) It's not what you said, it's the way that you said it: manifesting protected beliefs in the workplace following Higgs v Farmor's School. Industrial Law Journal, (doi: 10.1093/indlaw/dwaf017) (Early Online Publication)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Discrimination and manifestation of belief: Higgs v Farmer's School [2023] EAT 89. Industrial Law Journal, 53(2), pp. 285-304. (doi: 10.1093/indlaw/dwae009)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Defining sex in law. Law Quarterly Review, (Accepted for Publication)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 and Moshikaro, Khomotso (2023) The virtues and vices of scholarly activism. Constitutional Court Review, 13(1), pp. 17-32. (doi: 10.2989/CCR.2023.0003)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Legality without liberalism: The rule of law and the environmental emergency. Edinburgh Law Review, 27(3), pp. 345-363. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2023.0851)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Citizenship as civic relationship: U.M. v Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade [2022] IESC 25. Irish Supreme Court Review, 5,

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Rights, common good, and the separation of powers. Modern Law Review, 86(3), pp. 599-628. (doi: 10.1111/1468-2230.12769)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equal dignity and the common good. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 46(3), pp. 1009-1028.

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Self-ID law may lead to clash with the Equality Act. Times,

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) The constitutional foundations of reasonableness review: artificial reason and wrongful discrimination. Edinburgh Law Review, 26(3), pp. 295-320. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2022.0781)

Foran, Michael P. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Grounding unlawful discrimination. Legal Theory, 28(1), pp. 3-34. (doi: 10.1017/S1352325221000264)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) The cornerstone of our law: equality, consistency and judicial review. Cambridge Law Journal, 81(2), pp. 249-272. (doi: 10.1017/s000819732200023x)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) The emergency paradox: constitutional interpretation in times of crisis. Edinburgh Law Review, 25(1), pp. 118-124. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2021.0679)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Equality before the law: a substantive constitutional principle. Public Law, 2, pp. 287-306.

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) Discrimination as an individual wrong. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 39(4), pp. 901-929. (doi: 10.1093/ojls/gqz026)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) The rule of good law: form, substance, and fundamental rights. Cambridge Law Journal, 78(3), pp. 570-595. (doi: 10.1017/S0008197319000618)

Books

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equality Before the Law: Equal Dignity, Wrongful Discrimination, and the Rule of Law. Series: Hart studies in constitutional theory. Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781509964949 (In Press)

Book Sections

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Common law and the common good. In: The Promise of Legality: Critical Reflections Upon the Work of T.R.S. Allan. Hart Publishing. (In Press)

Foran, Michael P. ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 and Casey, Conor (2023) Constitutionalism and the Common Good: on the role of unwritten principles. In: St-Hilaire, Maxime, Alford, Ryan and Kinsinger, Kristopher (eds.) Supreme Court Law Review, 2nd Series. LexisNexis, pp. 169-196. ISBN 9780433523772 (doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4134632)

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A great forgetting: common law, natural law, and The Human Rights Act. In: Johnson, Richard and Zhu, Yuan Yi (eds.) Sceptical Perspectives on the Changing Constitution of the United Kingdom. Hart Publishing: London, pp. 77-105. ISBN 9781509963706

Book Reviews

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) John Laws, The Constitutional Balance. Edinburgh Law Review, 26(1), pp. 144-147. (doi: 10.3366/elr.2022.0754)[Book Review]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2019) Foundations of Indirect Discrimination Law. Edited by Hugh Collins and Tarunabh Khaitan. [Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2018. x + 292 pp. Hardback £65.00. ISBN 978-15-09912-54-4.]. Cambridge Law Journal, 78(1), pp. 231-234. (doi: 10.1017/S0008197318000934)[Book Review]

Research Reports or Papers

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) The Scottish Gender Recognition Reform Bill: The Case for a Section 35 Order. Technical Report. Policy Exchange.

Audio

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373, Macdonald, Calum, Aberdein, Geoff and Maciver, Andy (2024) Wood-burners, Labour leads, and Hate Crimes Q&A... with Michael Foran. [Audio]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) [Interview with Julie Bindle] Why Sturgeons trans bill threatens women. [Audio]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Trans kids and schools. [Audio]

Website

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) What does the Scottish Hate Crime and Public Order Act really say? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) The 'conversion therapy' ban still makes for bad law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) Can Scottish parents be jailed for denying their child's gender identity? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2024) The Right to be Gender Critical. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Section 35 and The Separation of Powers: On the role of unwritten constitutional principles in interpreting the Scotland Act. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Scotland's gender ruling is a victory for feminists. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Scottish feminists lose appeal on definition of ‘woman’. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Justice, Peace, and the Rule of Law. [Website]

Cunningham, Naomi and Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) When the truth offends. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A Note on Legal Definitions: When should law define “woman”? [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) A bill must be a scalpel: the new “Conversion Therapy Bill” must be precise and accurate. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) On protecting characteristics: the facts about gender, schools and law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Why Mermaids lost: there is no right to avoid criticism. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) The law as it is. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Equality Act and Sex: Important Scots Cases on the Horizon. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Comedy club cancellation of Joanna Cherry event is likely unlawful discrimination. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Section 35 showdown reveals Scottish government’s ‘peculiar’ arguments. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Ministers must grasp the nettle on equality law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Getting the Equality Act Right. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2023) Why Scotland's gender reform bill affects the whole UK. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Why the UK Government could still block Scotland's gender reform. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Sex, Gender, and the Scotland Act. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Prime Ministers, Party Members, and the Efficient Secret. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Interpretation after the Human Rights Act? The Principle of Legality and The Rule of Law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) Reorienting Constitutional Theory. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2022) For Whom the Bell Tolls: Prime-ministerial Resignation and the Political Constitution. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Parliamentary sovereignty and the politics of law-making. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Rights and the common good. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2021) Shamima Begum, the separation of powers, and the common good. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Constitutional Legitimacy, Artificial Reason, and the Common Law. [Website]

Foran, Michael ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0373 (2020) Against Consistency as a Ground of Review. [Website]

This list was generated on Sat Jul 5 03:09:30 2025 BST.

Professional activities & recognition

Prizes, awards & distinctions

  • 2020: Yorke Prize (University of Cambridge)