Inequalities in health

Our Inequalities in health programme works to improve methods for analysing routinely collected health data and population-based studies. The programme uses novel linkages to social data to improve our understanding of inequalities in health and to improve intervention strategies.
Health inequalities in the UK were highlighted in the Black Report in 1980. Despite moving near the top of the health agenda since then, inequalities have persisted or increased across Western Europe.
Routine data have great potential for health research as a largely untapped resource. While some research groups – including our programme – have considerable experience working with such data, recent developments in the UK have enabled new linkages across health and social data. The ability to link social data makes it possible to study the impact of individual characteristics such as educational attainment or employment status. This provides further opportunities to inform interventions and policies, and to understand their impact on health and health inequalities.
Our programme has three workstreams: Health Inequalities and Linked Data Analysis, Natural Experiments from Observational Data and Enhancing Cohort, Survey and Routine Data Sources.
Our focus on existing data sources reflects our funders’ commitment to improve the uses of patient data, and capitalises on the substantial investment made in surveys, cohorts and ‘big data’.
Our objectives are to:
- Improve population health outcomes through research, based on the evaluation of policy or large-scale intervention
- Maximise the use of existing data and population-based studies to enhance the return on the investment made in these resources
- Inform intervention strategy through research which enhances our understanding of health, health inequalities and the determinants of health
- Build capacity in the measurement and analysis of inequalities in health by using observational data
Programme staff
Programme Leader
- Alastair Leyland (Workstream leader: Health Inequalities and Linked Data Analysis)
Programme Staff
- Mirjam Allik
- Denise Brown
- Nai Rui Chng
- Peter Craig
- Esther Curnock
- Ruth Dundas (Workstream leader: Health Inequalities and Linked Data Analysis)
- Michael Green
- Mary-Kate Hannah
- Vittal Katikireddi (Workstream leader: Natural Experiments from Observational Data)
- Anna Pearce
- Emily Tweed
- Elise Whitley
Programme Students
- Andrew Baxter
- Catherine Friel
- Dorothy Gauci
- Andrew Pulford
- Elaine Robertson
- Ronan McCabe

15 minutes on Health Inequalities
Publications
Shaw, R. J. , Benzeval, M. and Popham, F. (2014) To what extent do financial strain and labour force status explain social class inequalities in self-rated health? Analysis of 20 countries in the European Social Survey. PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110362. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110362) (PMID:25313462) (PMCID:PMC4196960)
Friel, C. , Leyland, A. H. , Anderson, J. J. , Havdahl, A., Borge, T., Shimonovich, M. and Dundas, R. (2021) Prenatal vitamins and the risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13(8), 2558. (doi: 10.3390/nu13082558) (PMID:34444717) (PMCID:PMC8398897)
Bedston, S. et al. (2022) COVID-19 vaccine uptake, effectiveness, and waning in 82,959 health care workers: a national prospective cohort study in Wales. Vaccine, 40(8), pp. 1180-1189. (doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.061) (PMID:35042645) (PMCID:PMC8760602)
Tweed, E. J. , Leyland, A. H. , Morrison, D. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) Premature mortality in people affected by co-occurring homelessness, justice involvement, opioid dependence, and psychosis: a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data. Lancet Public Health, 7(9), e733-e743. (doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00159-1) (PMID:35907410) (PMCID:PMC9433331)
Shi, T. et al. (2022) Risk of COVID-19 hospitalizations among school-aged children in Scotland: a national incident cohort study. Journal of Global Health, 12, 05044. (doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.05044) (PMID:36134546) (PMCID:PMC9494196)
Niedzwiedz, C. L. et al. (2021) Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75(3), pp. 224-231. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-215060) (PMID:32978210) (PMCID:PMC7892383)
Minton, J. , Green, M., McCartney, G., Shaw, R. , Vanderbloemen, L. and Pickett, K. (2017) Two cheers for a small giant? Why we need better ways of seeing data: A commentary on: ‘Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century'. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(1), pp. 356-361. (doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw095) (PMID:27639276) (PMCID:PMC5407174)
Geue, C. , Wu, O. , Leyland, A. , Lewsey, J. and Quinn, T. J. (2016) Geographic variation of inpatient care costs at the end of life. Age and Ageing, 45(3), pp. 376-381. (doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw040) (PMID:27025763) (PMCID:PMC4846794)
Baxter, A. J. , Tweed, E. J. , Katikireddi, S. V. and Thomson, H. (2019) Effects of Housing First approaches on health and wellbeing of adults who are homeless or at risk of homelessness: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73, pp. 379-387. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2018-210981) (PMID:30777888) (PMCID:PMC6581117)
Gray, L. and Leyland, A. H. (2016) General health and multiple conditions. In: Campbell-Jack, D., Hinchliffe, S. and Rutherford, L. (eds.) The Scottish Health Survey 2015. Volume 1: Main Report. The Scottish Government Health Directorate, pp. 49-67. ISBN 9781786524614
Pearce, A. , Rougeaux, E., Deighton, J., Viner, R. M., Law, C. and Hope, S. (2021) Can mental health competence reduce the higher risk of smoking initiation among teenagers with parents who smoke? European Journal of Public Health, 31(4), pp. 756-763. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab102) (PMID:34535992) (PMCID:PMC8561261)
Dundas, R. , Molaodi, O., Gibson, M. , Katikireddi, S. V. and Craig, P. (2017) Health Impacts of UK Lone Parent Obligations: A Natural Experiment Study Using Data from the UK Household Panel Survey, Understanding Society. The Lancet 390(S3):S2. Meeting abstract: Public Health Science 2017, London, UK, 24 Nov 2017. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32937-9)
Katikireddi, S. V. , Niedzwiedz, C. L. and Popham, F. (2016) Employment status and income as potential mediators of educational inequalities in population mental health. European Journal of Public Health, 26(5), pp. 814-816. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw126) (PMID:27593454) (PMCID:PMC5054277)
Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D. and Der, G. (2015) Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety: stress causation and/or stress generation. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 28(4), pp. 357-371. (doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1005078) (PMID:25572915) (PMCID:PMC4772121)
Leyland, A. (2020) The UK Society for Social Medicine and Population Health: reflections on COVID-19 in Europe. European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), p. 843. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa151) (PMID:32838420)
Manderbacka, K., Satokangas, M., Arffman, M., Reissell, E., Keskimäki, I. and Leyland, A. H. (2022) Explaining regional variation in elective hip and knee arthroplasties in Finland 2010 − 2017—a register-based cohort study. BMC Health Services Research, 22, 891. (doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08305-7) (PMID:35810302) (PMCID:PMC9270793)
Agrawal, U. et al. (2022) Severe COVID-19 outcomes after full vaccination of primary schedule and initial boosters: pooled analysis of national prospective cohort studies of 30 million individuals in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Lancet, 400(10360), pp. 1305-1320. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01656-7) (PMID:36244382) (PMCID:PMC9560746)
Benzeval, M., Green, M.J. and Leyland, A.H. (2011) Do social inequalities in health widen or converge with age? Longitudinal evidence from three cohorts in the West of Scotland. BMC Public Health, 11(947), (doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-947)
Bouttell, J. , Craig, P. , Lewsey, J. , Robinson, M. and Popham, F. (2018) Synthetic control methodology as a tool for evaluating population-level health interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(8), pp. 673-678. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2017-210106) (PMID:29653993) (PMCID:PMC6204967)
Iveson, M. H., Čukić, I., Der, G. , Batty, G. D. and Deary, I. J. (2018) Intelligence and all-cause mortality in the 6-Day Sample of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 and their siblings: testing the contribution of family background. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(1), pp. 89-96. (doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx168) (PMID:29025063) (PMCID:PMC5837228)
Pescarini, J. M., Craig, P. , Allik, M. , Amorim, L., Ali, S., Smeeth, L., Barreto, M. L., Leyland, A. H. , Aquino, E. M.L. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2020) Evaluating the impact of the Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program on premature cardiovascular and all-cause mortality using the 100 million Brazilian cohort: A natural experiment study protocol. BMJ Open, 10, e039658. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039658) (PMID:33444195) (PMCID:PMC7682454)
Stock, S. J. et al. (2022) Pregnancy outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in periods dominated by delta and omicron variants in Scotland: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 10(12), pp. 1129-1136. (doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00360-5) (PMID:36216011) (PMCID:PMC9708088)
Allik, M. , Leyland, A. , Ichihara, M. Y. T. and Dundas, R. (2020) Creating small-area deprivation indices: a guide for stages and options. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(1), pp. 20-25. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2019-213255) (PMID:31630122) (PMCID:PMC6929699)
Jorm, L.R., Leyland, A.H. , Blyth, F.M., Elliott, R.F., Douglas, K.M.A. and Redman, S. (2012) Assessing preventable hospitalisation indicators (APHID): protocol for a data-linkage study using cohort study and administrative data. BMJ Open, 2(6), e002344. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002344)
Straatmann, V. S., Pearce, A. , Hope, S., Barr, B., Whitehead, M., Law, C. and Taylor-Robinson, D. (2018) How well can poor child health and development be predicted by data collected in early childhood? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(12), pp. 1132-1140. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2018-211028) (PMID:30242060) (PMCID:PMC6252371)
Dundas, R. , Leyland, A. H. and Macintyre, S. (2014) Early-life school, neighbourhood and family influences on adult health: a multilevel cross-classified analysis of the Aberdeen children of the 1950s study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(2), pp. 197-207. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu110)
Afshin, A. et al. (2017) Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), pp. 13-27. (doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362) (PMID:28604169) (PMCID:PMC5477817)
McCrorie, P. , Olsen, J. R. , Caryl, F. M. , Nicholls, N. and Mitchell, R. (2021) Neighbourhood natural space and the narrowing of socioeconomic inequality in children’s social, emotional, and behavioural wellbeing. Wellbeing, Space and Society, 2, 100051. (doi: 10.1016/j.wss.2021.100051) (PMID:35712674) (PMCID:PMC9099293)
Parkes, A. , Green, M. and Pearce, A. (2021) Can centre-based childcare buffer against the negative effects of family adversity on child socio-emotional wellbeing? European Journal of Public Health, 31(3), pp. 474-481. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab006) (PMID:33550396) (PMCID:PMC7611253)
Pottie, K. et al. (2017) GRADE equity guidelines 4: guidance on how to assess and address health equity within the evidence to decision process. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 90, pp. 84-91. (doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.001) (PMID:28802675)
Klabbers, G., Bosma, H., Kempen, G., Benzeval, M., Van den Akker, M. and Van Eijk, J. T. M. (2014) Do psychosocial profiles predict self-rated health, morbidity and mortality in late middle-aged and older people? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), pp. 357-368. (doi: 10.1007/s10865-013-9493-x)
Green, M. J. and Popham, F. (2019) Interpreting mutual adjustment for multiple indicators of socioeconomic position without committing mutual adjustment fallacies. BMC Public Health, 19, 10. (doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6364-y) (PMID:30606167) (PMCID:PMC6319005)
Nafilyan, V. et al. (2021) Ethnicity, household composition and COVID-19 mortality: a national linked data study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 114(4), pp. 182-211. (doi: 10.1177/0141076821999973) (PMID:33759630) (PMCID:PMC7994923)
Katikireddi, S. V. et al. (2022) Two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths over time: a retrospective, population-based cohort study in Scotland and Brazil. Lancet, 399(10319), pp. 25-35. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02754-9) (PMID:34942103) (PMCID:PMC8687670)
Kocarnik, J. M. et al. (2022) Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019. JAMA Oncology, 8(3), pp. 420-444. (doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987) (PMID:34967848) (PMCID:PMC8719276)
McMinn, M. , Seaman, R. , Dundas, R. , Pell, J. P. and Leyland, A. H. (2022) Socio‐economic inequalities in rates of amenable mortality in Scotland: Analyses of the fundamental causes using the Scottish Longitudinal Study, 1991–2010. Population, Space and Place, 28(3), e2835. (doi: 10.1002/psp.2385) (PMID:35411206) (PMCID:PMC7612592)
Wraw, C., Deary, I. J., Der, G. and Gale, C. R. (2016) Intelligence in youth and mental health at age 50. Intelligence, 58, pp. 69-79. (doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2016.06.005) (PMID:27642201) (PMCID:PMC5014225)
McCartney, G. , Leyland, A. , Walsh, D. and Dundas, R. (2021) Scaling COVID-19 against inequalities: should the policy response consistently match the mortality challenge? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75(4), pp. 315-320. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-214373) (PMID:33144334) (PMCID:PMC7958082)
Gray, L. (2016) The importance of post-hoc approaches for overcoming non-response and attrition bias in population-sampled studies. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(1), pp. 155-157. (doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1153-8) (PMID:26615409) (PMCID:PMC4720721)
Whitley, E. , Batty, D., Hunt, K. , Popham, F. and Benzeval, M. (2014) The role of health behaviours across the life-course in the socioeconomic patterning of all-cause mortality: the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Prospective Cohort Study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(2), pp. 148-157. (doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9539-x)
Shah, S. A. et al. (2022) Impact on emergency and elective hospital-based care in Scotland over the first 12 months of the pandemic: interrupted time-series analysis of national lockdowns. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 115(11), pp. 429-438. (doi: 10.1177/01410768221095239) (PMID:35502909) (PMCID:PMC9723811)
Green, M. J. , Leyland, A. H. , Sweeting, H. and Benzeval, M. (2017) Causal effects of transitions to adult roles on early adult smoking and drinking: evidence from three cohorts. Social Science and Medicine, 187, pp. 193-202. (doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.018) (PMID:28663104) (PMCID:PMC5529289)
Thomson, R. M. , Niedzwiedz, C. L. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2018) Trends in gender and socioeconomic inequalities in mental health following the Great Recession and subsequent austerity policies: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the Health Surveys for England. BMJ Open, 8(8), e022924. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022924) (PMID:30166307) (PMCID:PMC6119415)
Cruickshank, J. K. et al. (2016) Ethnic differences in and childhood influences on early adult pulse wave velocity: the Determinants of Adolescent, Now Young Adult, Social Wellbeing, and Health longitudinal study. Hypertension, 67, pp. 1133-1141. (doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.07079) (PMID:27141061) (PMCID:PMC4861702)
O'Neill, D., Britton, A., Hannah, M. K. , Goldberg, M., Kuh, D., Khaw, K. T. and Bell, S. (2018) Association of longitudinal alcohol consumption trajectories with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of six cohort studies using individual participant data. BMC Medicine, 16, 124. (doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1123-6) (PMID:30131059) (PMCID:PMC6103865)
Green, M. J. (2018) Calculating versus estimating causal effects. American Journal of Public Health, 108(8), e4-e5. (doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304546) (PMID:29995463)
Molaodi, O.R., Leyland, A.H., Ellaway, A., Kearns, A. and Harding, S. (2012) Neighbourhood food and physical activity environments in England, UK: does ethnic density matter? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(75), (doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-75)
Pike, K. C., Griffiths, L. J., Dezateux, C. and Pearce, A. (2019) Physical activity among children with asthma: cross-sectional analysis in the UK millennium cohort. Pediatric Pulmonology, 54(7), pp. 962-969. (doi: 10.1002/ppul.24314) (PMID:30887727) (PMCID:PMC6617805)
Minton, J. , Shaw, R. , Green, M. A., Vanderbloemen, L., Popham, F. and McCartney, G. (2017) Visualising and quantifying 'excess deaths' in Scotland compared with the rest of the UK and the rest of Western Europe. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(5), pp. 461-467. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-207379) (PMID:28062643) (PMCID:PMC5484031)
Katikireddi, S. V. , Niedzwiedz, C. L. , Dundas, R. , Kondo, N., Leyland, A. H. and Rostila, M. (2020) Inequalities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality across the life course by wealth and income in Sweden: a register-based cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), pp. 917-925. (doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa053) (PMID:32380544) (PMCID:PMC7394946)
Thomson, H. , Craig, P. , Hilton-Boon, M. , Campbell, M. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2018) Applying the ROBINS-I tool to natural experiments: an example from public health. Systematic Reviews, 7, 15. (doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0659-4) (PMID:29368630) (PMCID:PMC5784724)
Gray, C.M. , Hunt, K., Lorimer, K., Anderson, A.S., Benzeval, M. and Wyke, S. (2012) Words and context matter [Rapid Response]. British Medical Journal, 344(e1370),
Leyland, A.H. (2012) Alcohol, financial crisis and reform: learning from the Russian experience. European Journal of Public Health, 22(3), p. 300. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cks051)
Shah, S. A. et al. (2022) Impact of first UK COVID-19 lockdown on hospital admissions: Interrupted time series study of 32 million people. EClinicalMedicine, 49, 101462. (doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101462) (PMID:35611160) (PMCID:PMC9121886)
McPeake, J. , Quasim, T. , Henderson, P., Leyland, A. H. , Lone, N. I., Walters, M. , Iwashyna, T. J. and Shaw, M. (2021) Multimorbidity and its relationship with long-term outcomes following critical care discharge: a prospective cohort study. Chest, 160(5), pp. 1681-1692. (doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.069) (PMID:34153342)
Shimonovich, M. , Pearce, A. , Thomson, H. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) Causal assessment in evidence synthesis: a methodological review of reviews. Research Synthesis Methods, 13(4), pp. 405-423. (doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1569) (PMID:35560730) (PMCID:PMC9543433)
Falster, M. O., Jorm, L. R. and Leyland, A. H. (2018) Using weighted hospital service area networks to explore variation in preventable hospitalization. Health Services Research, 53(S1), pp. 3148-3169. (doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12777) (PMID:28940236) (PMCID:PMC6056604)
Reitsma, M. B. et al. (2021) Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 397(10292), pp. 2337-2360. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7) (PMID:34051883) (PMCID:PMC8223261)
Katikireddi, S. V. , Lal, S., Carrol, E. D., Niedzwiedz, C. L. , Khunti, K., Dundas, R. , Diderichsen, F. and Barr, B. (2021) Unequal impact of the COVID-19 crisis on minority ethnic groups: a framework for understanding and addressing inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75(10), pp. 970-974. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-216061) (PMID:33883198)
Jordan, J.-A., McCann, M. , Katikireddi, S. V. and Higgins, K. (2019) Harmonising alcohol consumption, sales and related outcomes data across the UK and Ireland: an insurmountable barrier to policy evaluation? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 26(5), pp. 385-393. (doi: 10.1080/09687637.2018.1488948)
Bradford, D. R. R. , Allik, M. , McMahon, A. D. and Brown, D. (2022) Physical health of care-experienced young children in high-income countries: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 12(9), e063648. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063648) (PMID:36691175) (PMCID:PMC9454045)
Smith, M. J. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Skivington, K. and Hilton, S. (2023) Contextual influences on the role evidence in e-cigarette recommendations: a multi-method analysis of international and nation recommendations. Evidence and Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice, (doi: 10.1332/174426421X16711062023280) (Early Online Publication)
Douglas, M., Katikireddi, V. , Taulbut, M., McKee, M. and McCartney, G. (2020) Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response. British Medical Journal, 369, m1557. (doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1557) (PMID:32341002) (PMCID:PMC7184317)
Hope, D., Bates, T. C., Dykiert, D., Der, G. and Deary, I. J. (2015) More symmetrical children have faster and more consistent choice reaction times. Developmental Psychology, 51(4), pp. 524-532. (doi: 10.1037/a0038756) (PMID:25664831) (PMCID:PMC4378532)
McKenzie, J.E., Brennan, S.E., Ryan, R., Thomson, H.J. , Johnston, R.V. and Thomas, J. (2019) Chapter 3: Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis. In: Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J. and Welch, V.A. (eds.) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0. Wiley: Chichester.
Smith, M. and Hilton, S. (2022) Global regulatory approaches towards e-cigarettes, key arguments, and approaches pursued. In: Hoe, V. and Wong, L. P. (eds.) E-cigarettes and Health. IntechOpen. (doi: 10.5772/intechopen.107343) (Early Online Publication)
Kromydas, T., Campbell, M. , Chambers, S. , Hilton Boon, M. , Pearce, A. , Wells, V. and Craig, P. (2022) The effects of school summer holidays on inequalities in children and young people's mental health and cognitive ability in the UK. A secondary analysis from the Millennium cohort study. BMC Public Health, 22, 154. (doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12540-2) (PMID:35065629) (PMCID:PMC8782677)
Oberndorfer, M. , Dundas, R. , Leyland, A. H. and Pearce, A. (2022) The LoCo (Lockdown Cohort)-effect: why the LoCo may have better life prospects than previous and subsequent birth cohorts. European Journal of Public Health, 32(3), pp. 339-340. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac049) (PMID:35512397) (PMCID:PMC9159303)
Rudan, I., Adeloye, D., Katikireddi, V. , Murray, J., Simpson, C., Shah, S. A., Robertson, C. and Sheikh, A. (2021) The COVID-19 pandemic in children and young people during 2020-2021: A complex discussion on vaccination. Journal of Global Health, 11, 01011. (doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.01011) (PMID:35047183) (PMCID:PMC8763337)
Agrawal, U. et al. (2021) COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinations in 2·57 million people in Scotland (EAVE II): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(12), pp. 1439-1449. (doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00380-5) (PMID:34599903) (PMCID:PMC8480963)
Cannegieter, S. C. et al. (2022) First dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccinations and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: A pooled self-controlled case series study of 11.6 million individuals in England, Scotland, and Wales. PLoS Medicine, 19(2), e1003927. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003927) (PMID:35192598) (PMCID:PMC8863261)
Marquez, J., Goodfellow, C. , Hardoon, D., Inchley, J. , Leyland, A.H. , Qualter, P., Simpson, S.A. and Long, E. (2023) Loneliness in young people: a multilevel exploration of social ecological influences and geographic variation. Journal of Public Health, 45(1), pp. 109-117. (doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab402) (PMID:34999845) (PMCID:PMC10017088)
Tweed, E. J. , Gounari, X. and Graham, L. (2021) Mental wellbeing among people in prison in Scotland: an analysis of repeat cross-sectional surveys. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), e188-e195. (doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz106) (PMID:31583401) (PMCID:PMC8185554)
Al-Ozairi, E. et al. (2021) Risk of mortality among inpatients with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes: national data from Kuwait. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 4(4), e00287. (doi: 10.1002/edm2.287) (PMID:34505420) (PMCID:PMC8420596)
Stewart, E. (2022) Maternal and Child Health Network Policy Report 2: Early Years Education and Childcare. Project Report. University of Glasgow, Glasgow. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.270472).
Kopasker, D. , Ejebu, O.-Z., Norwood, P. and Ludbrook, A. (2022) Longitudinal study of the effects of price and promotion incentives on purchases of unhealthy foods: evidence for restricting food promotions. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health, 5(1), pp. 62-71. (doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000323) (PMID:35814721) (PMCID:PMC9237875)
Lalloo, D., Lewsey, J. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Macdonald, E. B. , Campbell, D. and Demou, E. (2022) Comparing anxiety and depression in information technology workers with others in employment: a UK Biobank cohort study. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 66(9), pp. 1136-1150. (doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxac061) (PMID:36029464) (PMCID:PMC9664232)
Trayner, K. M.A. et al. (2021) High willingness to use drug consumption rooms among people who inject drugs in Scotland: findings from a national bio-behavioural survey among people who inject drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 90, 102731. (doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102731) (PMID:32331859) (PMCID:PMC8063177)
McCartney, G. , Popham, F. , McMaster, R. and Cumbers, A. (2019) Defining health and health inequalities. Public Health, 172, pp. 22-30. (doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.023) (PMID:31154234) (PMCID:PMC6558275)
Allik, M. , Brown, D. , Dundas, R. and Leyland, A. H. (2022) Differences in ill health and in socioeconomic inequalities in health by ethnic groups: a cross-sectional study using 2011 Scottish Census. Ethnicity and Health, 27(1), pp. 190-208. (doi: 10.1080/13557858.2019.1643009) (PMID:31313591)
Brown, D. , Allik, M. , Dundas, R. and Leyland, A. H. (2019) All-cause and cause-specific mortality in Scotland 1981-2011 by age, sex and deprivation: a population-based study. European Journal of Public Health, 29(4), pp. 647-655. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz010) (PMID:31220246) (PMCID:PMC6660111)
Wielgoszewska, B. et al. (2022) The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and diet, physical activity, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from eight longitudinal population surveys. BMC Medicine, 20, 147. (doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02343-y) (PMID:35387639) (PMCID:PMC8984671)
Kromydas, T., Green, M. , Craig, P. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Leyland, A. H. , Niedzwiedz, C. L. , Pearce, A. , Thomson, R. M. and Demou, E. (2022) Comparing population-level mental health of UK workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study using Understanding Society. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(6), pp. 527-536. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2021-218561) (PMID:35296523) (PMCID:PMC8931794)
Ford, E., Kazempour, Y., Cooper, M. J.F., Katikireddi, V. and Boyd, A. (2020) Media content analysis of general practitioners’ reactions to care.data expressed in the media: what lessons can be learned for future NHS data sharing initiatives? BMJ Open, 10, e038006. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038006) (PMID:32912990) (PMCID:PMC7485233)
Leyland, A. H. (2020) What should we think about widening relative inequalities in health? European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), pp. 620-621. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa003) (PMID:32558889)
Hainey, K. J. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2021) The inverse care law in critical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 1, 100008. (doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100008) (PMCID:PMC7834397)
Walsh, D. , Dundas, R. , McCartney, G. , Gibson, M. and Seaman, R. (2022) Bearing the burden of austerity: how do changing mortality rates in the UK compare between men and women? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(12), pp. 1027-1033. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-219645) (PMID:36195463) (PMCID:PMC9664129)
Shimonovich, M. , Pearce, A. , Thomson, H. , Keyes, K. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2021) Assessing causality in epidemiology: revisiting Bradford Hill to incorporate developments in causal thinking. European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(9), pp. 873-887. (doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00703-7) (PMID:33324996) (PMCID:PMC8206235)
Miall, N. , Fergie, G. and Pearce, A. (2022) Health Inequalities in Scotland: trends in deaths, health and wellbeing, health behaviours, and health services since 2000. Project Report. University of Glasgow. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.282637).
Tweed, E. , Miller, R. G., Schofield, J., Barnsdale, L. and Matheson, C. (2022) Why are drug-related deaths among women increasing in Scotland? A mixed-methods analysis of possible explanations. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 29(1), pp. 62-75. (doi: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1856786) (PMID:35095222) (PMCID:PMC7612287)
McCabe, R. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Dundas, R. , Gissler, M. and Craig, P. (2023) Impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant on infant mortality rates in the 20th century: a natural experimental study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 77(1), pp. 34-37. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-219488) (PMID:36302615) (PMCID:PMC9763162)
McCartney, G. , McMaster, R. , Popham, F. , Dundas, R. and Walsh, D. (2022) Is austerity a cause of slower improvements in mortality in high-income countries? A panel analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 313, 115397. (doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115397) (PMID:36194952)
Lu, Y., Pearce, A. and Li, L. (2020) Distinct patterns of socio-economic disparities in child-to-adolescent BMI trajectories across UK ethnic groups: a prospective longitudinal study. Pediatric Obesity, 15(4), e12598. (doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12598) (PMID:31872553) (PMCID:PMC7079192)
Whitley, E. , Olsen, J. and Benzeval, M. (2022) Impact of subjective and objective neighbourhood characteristics and individual socioeconomic position on allostatic load: a cross-sectional analysis of an all-age UK household panel study. Health and Place, 78, 102930. (doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102930) (PMID:36347133)
McCartney, G. , Bartley, M., Dundas, R. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Mitchell, R. , Popham, F. , Walsh, D. and Wami, W. (2019) Theorising social class and its application to the study of health inequalities. SSM - Population Health, 7, 100315. (doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.015) (PMID:31297431) (PMCID:PMC6598164)
Louro, J., Posso, M., Hilton Boon, M. , Román, M., Domingo, L., Castells, X. and Sala, M. (2019) A systematic review and quality assessment of individualised breast cancer risk prediction models. British Journal of Cancer, 121(1), pp. 76-85. (doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0476-8) (PMID:31114019) (PMCID:PMC6738106)
Pulford, A., Thapa, A., Thomson, R. , Guilding, A., Green, M. , Leyland, A. H. , Popham, F. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) Does persistent precarious employment affect health outcomes among working age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(11), pp. 909-917. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-219292) (PMID:36137738) (PMCID:PMC9554022)
Ellaway, A. , Dundas, R. , Olsen, J. R. and Shiels, P. G. (2018) Perceived neighbourhood problems over time and associations with adiposity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1854. (doi: 10.3390/ijerph15091854) (PMID:30154306) (PMCID:PMC6164418)
Traynor, O., Martin, A. , Johnstone, A. , Chng, N. R. , Kenny, J. and Mccrorie, P. (2022) A low-cost method for understanding how nature-based early learning and childcare impacts on children’s health and wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 889828. (doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.889828) (PMID:35814071) (PMCID:PMC9260060)
Igelström, E. , Craig, P. , Lewsey, J. , Lynch, J., Pearce, A. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) Causal inference and effect estimation using observational data. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(11), pp. 960-966. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-219267) (PMCID:PMC9554068)
Shipton, D., Sarica, S., Craig, N., McCartney, G. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Roy, G. , McGregor, P. and Scobie, G. (2021) Knowing the goal: an inclusive economy that can address the public health challenges of our time. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75(11), pp. 1129-1132. (doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-216070) (PMID:34158408) (PMCID:PMC8515097)
Tweed, E. J. et al. (2021) Evaluation of a national smoke-free prisons policy using medication dispensing: an interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet Public Health, 6(11), e795-e804. (doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00163-8) (PMID:34537108) (PMCID:PMC8554387)
Ikegwuonu, T., Hilton, S. , Smith, K. E., Buckton, C. H. , Wong, M. and Weishaar, H. B. (2022) Understanding commercial actors’ engagement in policy debates on proposed e-cigarette regulation in Scotland. Tobacco Control, 31(4), pp. 511-519. (doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056084) (PMID:33771932)
Robertson, E., Reeve, K. S., Niedzwiedz, C. L. , Moore, J., Blake, M., Green, M. , Katikireddi, S. V. and Benzeval, M. J. (2021) Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK household longitudinal study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 94, pp. 41-50. (doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.008) (PMID:33713824) (PMCID:PMC7946541)
Pfinder, M., Heise, T. L., Hilton Boon, M. , Pega, F., Fenton, C. , Griebler, U., Gartlehner, G., Sommer, I., Katikireddi, S. V. and Lhachimi, S. K. (2020) Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD012333. (doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012333.pub2) (PMID:32270494) (PMCID:PMC7141932)
Popham, F. (2019) Controlled mediation as a generalisation of interventional mediation. Epidemiology, 30(3), e21-e22. (doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000980) (PMID:30789430)
Daines, L. et al. (2022) Deriving and validating a risk prediction model for long COVID-19: protocol for an observational cohort study using linked Scottish data. BMJ Open, 12(7), e059385. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059385) (PMID:35793922) (PMCID:PMC9260199)
Shimonovich, M. , Pearce, A. , Thomson, H. , McCartney, G. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) Assessing the causal relationship between income inequality and mortality and self-rated health: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 11, 20. (doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-01892-w) (PMID:35115055) (PMCID:PMC8815171)
Parsons, V., Wainwright, E., Karanika-Murray, M., Muiry, G. and Demou, E. (2022) The impact of Covid-19 on research into work and health. Occupational Medicine, (doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqac080) (PMID:36039847) (PMCID:PMC9452128) (Early Online Publication)
Juárez, S. P., Honkaniemi, H., Heshmati, A., Debiasi, E., Dunlavy, A., Hjern, A., Rostila, M., Mussino, E., Katikireddi, S. V. and Duvander, A.-Z. (2021) Unintended health consequences of Swedish parental leave policy (ParLeHealth): Protocol for a quasi-experimental study. BMJ Open, 11, e049682. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049682) (PMID:34108172) (PMCID:PMC8191630)
Stewart, E. (2022) Maternal and Child Health Network Policy Briefing 1: Welfare Grants in Pregnancy and Early Childhood. Project Report. University of Glasgow, Glasgow. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.270470).
McMinn, M. A. , Gray, L. , Härkänen, T., Tolonen, H., Pitkänen, J., Molaodi, O. R., Leyland, A. H. and Martikainen, P. (2020) Alcohol-related outcomes and all-cause mortality in the Health 2000 Survey by participation status and compared with the Finnish population. Epidemiology, 31(4), pp. 534-541. (doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001200) (PMID:32483066) (PMCID:PMC7269017)
Ferreira, A. J.F. et al. (2021) Evaluating the health effect of a Social Housing programme, Minha Casa Minha Vida, using the 100 million Brazilian Cohort: A natural experiment study protocol. BMJ Open, 11(3), e041722. (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041722) (PMID:33649053) (PMCID:PMC8098948)
Bécares, L., Shaw, R. J. , Katikireddi, S. V. , Irizar, P., Amele, S. , Kapadia, D., Nazroo, J. and Taylor, H. (2022) Racism as the fundamental cause of ethnic inequities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a theoretical framework and empirical exploration using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. SSM - Population Health, 19, 101150. (doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101150) (PMID:35765366) (PMCID:PMC9225926)
Li, M. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2019) Urban-rural inequalities in suicide among elderly people in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18, 2. (doi: 10.1186/s12939-018-0881-2) (PMID:30606191) (PMCID:PMC6319001)
Anderson, J. J. et al. (2021) Remote history of VTE is associated with severe COVID-19 in middle and older age: UK Biobank cohort study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 19(10), pp. 2533-2538. (doi: 10.1111/jth.15452) (PMID:34242477) (PMCID:PMC8420476)
Rudan, I., Adeloye, D., Katikireddi, S. V. , Murray, J., Simpson, C., Shah, S. A., Robertson, C. and Sheikh, A. (2021) The COVID-19 pandemic in children and young people during 2020-2021: Learning about clinical presentation, patterns of spread, viral load, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Global Health, 11, 01010. (doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.01010) (PMID:35047182) (PMCID:PMC8763336)
Parkes, A. , Green, M. and Pearce, A. (2020) Do bedroom screens and the mealtime environment shape different trajectories of child overweight and obesity? Research using the Growing Up in Scotland study. International Journal of Obesity, 44, pp. 790-802. (doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0502-1) (PMID:31827254)
Traynor, O., Mccrorie, P. , Chng, N. R. and Martin, A. (2022) Evaluating outdoor nature-based early learning and childcare provision for children aged 3-years: protocol of a feasibility and pilot quasi-experimental design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7461. (doi: 10.3390/ijerph19127461) (PMID:35742709) (PMCID:PMC9224218)
Popham, F. , Whitley, E. , Molaodi, O. and Gray, L. (2021) Standard multiple imputation of survey data didn’t perform better than simple substitution in enhancing an administrative dataset: the example of self-rated health in England. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 18, 9. (doi: 10.1186/s12982-021-00099-z) (PMID:34303377) (PMCID:PMC8310590)
Thomson, R. M. , Kopasker, D. , Leyland, A. , Pearce, A. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2022) To what extent does income explain the effect of unemployment on mental health? Mediation analysis in the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Psychological Medicine, (doi: 10.1017/S0033291722003580) (PMID:36453184) (Early Online Publication)
Kromydas, T., Thomson, R. M. , Pulford, A., Green, M. J. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2021) Which is most important for mental health: money, poverty, or paid work? A fixed-effects analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. SSM - Population Health, 15, 100909. (doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100909) (PMID:34584931) (PMCID:PMC8455855)
Smith, K. E., Macintyre, A., Weakley, S. , Hill, S. E., Escobar, O. and Fergie, G. (2021) Public understandings of potential policy responses to health inequalities: Evidence from a UK national survey and citizens’ juries in three UK cities. Social Science and Medicine, 291, 114458. (doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114458) (PMID:34655938) (PMCID:PMC8711040)
van Schalkwyk, M. C. I., Petticrew, M., Maani, N., Hawkins, B., Bonell, C., Katikireddi, S. V. and Knai, C. (2022) Distilling the curriculum: An analysis of alcohol industry-funded school-based youth education programmes. PLoS ONE, 17(1), e0259560. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259560) (PMID:35020741) (PMCID:PMC8754310)
Patone, M. et al. (2021) Neurological complications after first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Medicine, 27(12), pp. 2144-2153. (doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01556-7) (PMID:34697502) (PMCID:PMC8629105)
Shah, A. S.V. et al. (2021) Clinical burden, risk factor impact and outcomes following myocardial infarction and stroke: a 25-year individual patient level linkage study. Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 7, 100141. (doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100141) (PMID:34405203) (PMCID:PMC8351196)
Leyland, A. H. (2021) Is the study of genetic propensities within the remit of health inequalities research? European Journal of Public Health, 31(3), pp. 459-460. (doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab058) (PMID:34148085)
Whitley, E. , Reeve, K. and Benzeval, M. (2023) Tracking the mental health of home-carers during the first COVID-19 national lockdown: evidence from a nationally representative UK survey. Psychological Medicine, 53(3), pp. 1096-1105. (doi: 10.1017/S0033291721002555) (PMID:34108060) (PMCID:PMC8245331)
Green, M. J. , Pearce, A. , Parkes, A. , Robertson, E. and Katikireddi, S. V. (2021) Pre-school childcare and inequalities in child development. SSM - Population Health, 14, 100776. (doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100776) (PMID:33768138) (PMCID:PMC7980060)
Katikireddi, V. , Hainey, K. and Beale, S. (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on different population subgroups: ethnic, gender and age-related disadvantage. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 51(S1), S40-S46. (doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.2021.240) (PMID:34185037)
Detels, R., Karim, Q. A., Baum, F., Li, L. and Leyland, A. H. (Eds.) (2021) Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health [7th ed.]. Series: Oxford textbooks in public health. Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 9780198816805
So, V. et al. (2021) Intended and unintended consequences of the implementation of minimum unit pricing of alcohol in Scotland: a natural experiment. Public Health Research, 9(11), (doi: 10.3310/phr09110) (PMID:34699154)
McCartney, G. , Douglas, M., Taulbut, M., Katikireddi, V. and McKee, M. (2021) Tackling population health challenges as we build back from the pandemic. British Medical Journal, 375, e066232. (doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-066232) (PMID:34876411)
