2023

Osmanska, J. et al. (2023) A novel, small-volume subcutaneous furosemide formulation delivered by an abdominal patch infusor device in patients with heart failure: results of two phase I studies. European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, (doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad073) (PMID:37804170) (Early Online Publication)

McDonagh, T. A. et al. (2023) 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal, 44(37), pp. 3627-3639. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad195) (PMID:37622666)

Curtain, J. P., Lee, M. M.Y. , McMurray, J. J.V. , Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and Jhund, P. S. (2023) Efficacy of implantable haemodynamic monitoring in heart failure across ranges of ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 109(11), pp. 823-831. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321885) (PMID:36522146) (PMCID:PMC10314022)

2021

Gardner, R. S., Capodilupo, R. C., Ahmed, R., Stolen, C. M., An, Q., Averina, V., Hernandez, A. F. and Boehmer, J. P. (2021) Multiparameter diagnostic sensor measurements in heart failure patients presenting with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. ESC Heart Failure, 8(5), pp. 4026-4036. (doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13500) (PMID:34184428) (PMCID:PMC8426935)

Simpson, J. et al. (2021) Adherence to prescribed medications in patients with heart failure – insights from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based urine analysis. European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, 7(4), pp. 296-301. (doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa071) (PMID:32597982) (PMCID:PMC8302254)

2020

Israr, M. Z. et al. (2020) Implications of serial measurements of natriuretic peptides in heart failure: insights from BIOSTAT‐CHF. European Journal of Heart Failure, 22(8), pp. 1486-1490. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1951) (PMID:32666670)

2019

Beggs, S. A.S. , Rørth, R., Gardner, R. S. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2019) Anticoagulation therapy in heart failure and sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 105(17), pp. 1325-1334. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314381) (PMID:30962190)

Tait, R. C. , Hung, A. and Gardner, R. S. (2019) Performance of the LumiraDx Platform INR test in an anticoagulation clinic point-of-care setting compared with an established laboratory reference method. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 25, p. 1076029619890423. (doi: 10.1177/1076029619890423) (PMID:31773973) (PMCID:PMC7019395)

2018

Beggs, S. A.S. , Gardner, R. S. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2018) Who benefits from a defibrillator—balancing the risk of sudden versus non-sudden death. Current Heart Failure Reports, 15(6), pp. 376-389. (doi: 10.1007/s11897-018-0416-6) (PMID:30413991) (PMCID:PMC6267371)

Beggs, S. A. S. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers. In: Camm, A. J., Lüscher, T. F., Maurer, G. and Serruys, P. W. (eds.) ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, pp. 1851-1862. ISBN 9780198784906 (doi: 10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0426)

Beggs, S. A.S. , McDonagh, T. A. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Chronic heart failure: epidemiology, investigation and management. Medicine, 46(10), pp. 594-600. (doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2018.07.006)

Campbell, R. T. et al. (2018) Which patients with heart failure should receive specialist palliative care? European Journal of Heart Failure, 20(9), pp. 1338-1347. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1240) (PMID:29952090) (PMCID:PMC6607479)

Beggs, S. and Gardner, R. (2018) Thirty years of heart failure. European Heart Journal, 39(10), pp. 824-826. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy051) (PMID:29522214)

Petrie, M. C. , Connelly, D. T. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Who needs an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator? Controversies and opportunities after DANISH. European Journal of Heart Failure, 20(3), pp. 413-416. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1135) (PMID:29327793)

Beggs, S. A.S. , Jhund, P. S. , Jackson, C. E., McMurray, J. J.V. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, sudden death and implantable defibrillators: a review and meta-analysis. Heart, 104(2), pp. 144-150. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310850) (PMID:28986406)

2016

Wilson, M. R. , Docherty, K. F. and Gardner, R. S. (2016) Use of direct oral anticoagulants in thromboembolic disease. Prescriber, 27(8), pp. 15-22. (doi: 10.1002/psb.1487)

Jackson, C. E. et al. (2016) The incremental prognostic and clinical value of multiple novel biomarkers in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 18(12), pp. 1491-1498. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.543) (PMID:27114189)

Stirrat, C. t. et al. (2016) Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging methodology and normal values at 1.5 and 3T. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 18(1), 46. (doi: 10.1186/s12968-016-0261-2) (PMID:27465647) (PMCID:PMC4964058)

2015

Mordi, I., Radjenovic, A. , Stanton, T., Gardner, R., McPhaden, A., Carrick, D., Berry, C. and Tzemos, N. (2015) Prevalence and prognostic significance of lipomatous metaplasia in poatients with prior myocardial infarction. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 8(9), pp. 1111-1112. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.024) (PMID:25457764)

Jackson, C. E. et al. (2015) Combined free light chains are novel predictors of prognosis in heart failure. JACC: Heart Failure, 3(8), pp. 618-625. (doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.014) (PMID:26251088)

Rush, C. J., Campbell, R. T., Jhund, P. S. , Connolly, E. C., Preiss, D. , Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2015) Falling cardiovascular mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and implications for clinical trials. JACC: Heart Failure, 3(8), pp. 603-614. (doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.013) (PMID:26251086)

Dalzell, J. R., Rocchiccioli, J. P., Weir, R. A.P., Jackson, C. E., Padmanabhan, N., Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2015) The emerging potential of the apelin-APJ system in heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 21(6), pp. 489-498. (doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.03.007) (PMID:25795508)

Badar, A. A. et al. (2015) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with angina and heart failure in the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity) programme. European Journal of Heart Failure, 17(2), pp. 196-204. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.221)

Badar, A. A. et al. (2015) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease and angina. Circulation: Heart Failure, 8(4), pp. 717-724. (doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.002024) (PMID:26067854)

2014

Badar, A. A. et al. (2014) Relationship between angina pectoris and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). European Heart Journal, 35(48), pp. 3426-3433. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu342)

Wong, C.M. et al. (2014) Heart failure in younger patients: the Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). European Heart Journal, 35(39), pp. 2714-2721. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu216)

Lang, N. N. , Badar, A. A., Pettit, S. J., Templeton, S., Connelly, D. T. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Interventricular lead separation is critical for NT-proBNP reduction after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 797-806. (doi: 10.2217/BMM.13.159) (PMID:25224936)

Dalzell, J. R., Cannon, J. A., Jackson, C. E., Lang, N. N. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Emerging biomarkers for heart failure: an update. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 833-840. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.51) (PMID:25224939)

Lang, N. N. , Wong, C. M., Dalzell, J. R., Jansz, S., Leslie, S. J. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) The ease of use and reproducibility of the Alere™ Heart Check System: a comparison of patient and healthcare professional measurement of BNP. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 791-796. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.48) (PMID:25224935)

McMinn, J. F., Lang, N. N. , McPhadden, A., Payne, J. R., Petrie, M. C. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Biomarkers of acute rejection following cardiac transplantation. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 815-832. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.56) (PMID:25224938)

Al-Adhami, A., MacFie, A., Mathieson, C., Quasim, I., Smith, R., Craig, S., Gardner, R., Payne, J., Petrie, M. and Haj-Yahia, S. (2014) Ventricular assist devices as rescue therapy in cardiogenic shock after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 97(4), pp. 1440-1443. (doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.06.102) (PMID:24694427)

Simpson, J., Jackson, C. E. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Biomarkers in mechanical circulatory support. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 855-869. (doi: 10.2217/BMM.14.55)

2012

Pettit, S.J., Jhund, P.S. , Hawkins, N.M., Gardner, R.S., Haj-Yahia, S., McMurray, J.J.V. and Petrie, M.C. (2012) How small is too small? A systematic review of center volume and outcome after cardiac transplantation. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 5(6), pp. 783-790. (doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966630)

Pettit, S. J., Petrie, M. C. , Connelly, D. T., Japp, A. G., Payne, J. R., Haj-Yahia, S. and Gardner, R. S. (2012) Use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with left ventricular assist devices. European Journal of Heart Failure, 14(7), pp. 696-702. (doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs062) (PMID:22547745)

2010

Dalzell, J. R., Petrie, M. C. and Gardner, R. S. (2010) Congestive heart failure. Advances in management. British Medical Journal, 341, c4280. (doi: 10.1136/bmj.c4280) (PMID:20699309)

2007

Gardner, R.S., Chong, K.S., Morton, J.J. and McDonagh, T.A. (2007) A change in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is predictive of outcome in patients with advanced heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 9, pp. 266-271. (doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.07.002)

2006

Gardner, R. S., McDonagh, T. A., MacDonald, M., Dargie, H. J., Murday, A. J. and Petrie, M. C. (2006) Who needs a heart transplant? European Heart Journal, 27(7), pp. 770-772. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi759) (PMID:16449246)

2003

Gardner, R.S., Ozalp, F., Murday, A.J., Robb, S.D. and McDonagh, T.A. (2003) N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide - A new gold standard in predicting mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. European Heart Journal, 24, pp. 1735-1743. (doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.07.005)

Articles

Osmanska, J. et al. (2023) A novel, small-volume subcutaneous furosemide formulation delivered by an abdominal patch infusor device in patients with heart failure: results of two phase I studies. European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, (doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad073) (PMID:37804170) (Early Online Publication)

McDonagh, T. A. et al. (2023) 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European Heart Journal, 44(37), pp. 3627-3639. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad195) (PMID:37622666)

Curtain, J. P., Lee, M. M.Y. , McMurray, J. J.V. , Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and Jhund, P. S. (2023) Efficacy of implantable haemodynamic monitoring in heart failure across ranges of ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 109(11), pp. 823-831. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321885) (PMID:36522146) (PMCID:PMC10314022)

Gardner, R. S., Capodilupo, R. C., Ahmed, R., Stolen, C. M., An, Q., Averina, V., Hernandez, A. F. and Boehmer, J. P. (2021) Multiparameter diagnostic sensor measurements in heart failure patients presenting with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. ESC Heart Failure, 8(5), pp. 4026-4036. (doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13500) (PMID:34184428) (PMCID:PMC8426935)

Simpson, J. et al. (2021) Adherence to prescribed medications in patients with heart failure – insights from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based urine analysis. European Heart Journal: Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, 7(4), pp. 296-301. (doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa071) (PMID:32597982) (PMCID:PMC8302254)

Israr, M. Z. et al. (2020) Implications of serial measurements of natriuretic peptides in heart failure: insights from BIOSTAT‐CHF. European Journal of Heart Failure, 22(8), pp. 1486-1490. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1951) (PMID:32666670)

Beggs, S. A.S. , Rørth, R., Gardner, R. S. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2019) Anticoagulation therapy in heart failure and sinus rhythm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 105(17), pp. 1325-1334. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314381) (PMID:30962190)

Tait, R. C. , Hung, A. and Gardner, R. S. (2019) Performance of the LumiraDx Platform INR test in an anticoagulation clinic point-of-care setting compared with an established laboratory reference method. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 25, p. 1076029619890423. (doi: 10.1177/1076029619890423) (PMID:31773973) (PMCID:PMC7019395)

Beggs, S. A.S. , Gardner, R. S. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2018) Who benefits from a defibrillator—balancing the risk of sudden versus non-sudden death. Current Heart Failure Reports, 15(6), pp. 376-389. (doi: 10.1007/s11897-018-0416-6) (PMID:30413991) (PMCID:PMC6267371)

Beggs, S. A.S. , McDonagh, T. A. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Chronic heart failure: epidemiology, investigation and management. Medicine, 46(10), pp. 594-600. (doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2018.07.006)

Campbell, R. T. et al. (2018) Which patients with heart failure should receive specialist palliative care? European Journal of Heart Failure, 20(9), pp. 1338-1347. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1240) (PMID:29952090) (PMCID:PMC6607479)

Beggs, S. and Gardner, R. (2018) Thirty years of heart failure. European Heart Journal, 39(10), pp. 824-826. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy051) (PMID:29522214)

Petrie, M. C. , Connelly, D. T. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Who needs an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator? Controversies and opportunities after DANISH. European Journal of Heart Failure, 20(3), pp. 413-416. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1135) (PMID:29327793)

Beggs, S. A.S. , Jhund, P. S. , Jackson, C. E., McMurray, J. J.V. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, sudden death and implantable defibrillators: a review and meta-analysis. Heart, 104(2), pp. 144-150. (doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310850) (PMID:28986406)

Wilson, M. R. , Docherty, K. F. and Gardner, R. S. (2016) Use of direct oral anticoagulants in thromboembolic disease. Prescriber, 27(8), pp. 15-22. (doi: 10.1002/psb.1487)

Jackson, C. E. et al. (2016) The incremental prognostic and clinical value of multiple novel biomarkers in heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 18(12), pp. 1491-1498. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.543) (PMID:27114189)

Stirrat, C. t. et al. (2016) Ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging methodology and normal values at 1.5 and 3T. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 18(1), 46. (doi: 10.1186/s12968-016-0261-2) (PMID:27465647) (PMCID:PMC4964058)

Mordi, I., Radjenovic, A. , Stanton, T., Gardner, R., McPhaden, A., Carrick, D., Berry, C. and Tzemos, N. (2015) Prevalence and prognostic significance of lipomatous metaplasia in poatients with prior myocardial infarction. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 8(9), pp. 1111-1112. (doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.024) (PMID:25457764)

Jackson, C. E. et al. (2015) Combined free light chains are novel predictors of prognosis in heart failure. JACC: Heart Failure, 3(8), pp. 618-625. (doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.014) (PMID:26251088)

Rush, C. J., Campbell, R. T., Jhund, P. S. , Connolly, E. C., Preiss, D. , Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2015) Falling cardiovascular mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and implications for clinical trials. JACC: Heart Failure, 3(8), pp. 603-614. (doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.013) (PMID:26251086)

Dalzell, J. R., Rocchiccioli, J. P., Weir, R. A.P., Jackson, C. E., Padmanabhan, N., Gardner, R. S., Petrie, M. C. and McMurray, J. J.V. (2015) The emerging potential of the apelin-APJ system in heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 21(6), pp. 489-498. (doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.03.007) (PMID:25795508)

Badar, A. A. et al. (2015) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with angina and heart failure in the CHARM (Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity) programme. European Journal of Heart Failure, 17(2), pp. 196-204. (doi: 10.1002/ejhf.221)

Badar, A. A. et al. (2015) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease and angina. Circulation: Heart Failure, 8(4), pp. 717-724. (doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.002024) (PMID:26067854)

Badar, A. A. et al. (2014) Relationship between angina pectoris and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA). European Heart Journal, 35(48), pp. 3426-3433. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu342)

Wong, C.M. et al. (2014) Heart failure in younger patients: the Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). European Heart Journal, 35(39), pp. 2714-2721. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu216)

Lang, N. N. , Badar, A. A., Pettit, S. J., Templeton, S., Connelly, D. T. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Interventricular lead separation is critical for NT-proBNP reduction after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 797-806. (doi: 10.2217/BMM.13.159) (PMID:25224936)

Dalzell, J. R., Cannon, J. A., Jackson, C. E., Lang, N. N. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Emerging biomarkers for heart failure: an update. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 833-840. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.51) (PMID:25224939)

Lang, N. N. , Wong, C. M., Dalzell, J. R., Jansz, S., Leslie, S. J. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) The ease of use and reproducibility of the Alere™ Heart Check System: a comparison of patient and healthcare professional measurement of BNP. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 791-796. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.48) (PMID:25224935)

McMinn, J. F., Lang, N. N. , McPhadden, A., Payne, J. R., Petrie, M. C. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Biomarkers of acute rejection following cardiac transplantation. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 815-832. (doi: 10.2217/bmm.14.56) (PMID:25224938)

Al-Adhami, A., MacFie, A., Mathieson, C., Quasim, I., Smith, R., Craig, S., Gardner, R., Payne, J., Petrie, M. and Haj-Yahia, S. (2014) Ventricular assist devices as rescue therapy in cardiogenic shock after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 97(4), pp. 1440-1443. (doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.06.102) (PMID:24694427)

Simpson, J., Jackson, C. E. and Gardner, R. S. (2014) Biomarkers in mechanical circulatory support. Biomarkers in Medicine, 8(6), pp. 855-869. (doi: 10.2217/BMM.14.55)

Pettit, S.J., Jhund, P.S. , Hawkins, N.M., Gardner, R.S., Haj-Yahia, S., McMurray, J.J.V. and Petrie, M.C. (2012) How small is too small? A systematic review of center volume and outcome after cardiac transplantation. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 5(6), pp. 783-790. (doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966630)

Pettit, S. J., Petrie, M. C. , Connelly, D. T., Japp, A. G., Payne, J. R., Haj-Yahia, S. and Gardner, R. S. (2012) Use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with left ventricular assist devices. European Journal of Heart Failure, 14(7), pp. 696-702. (doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs062) (PMID:22547745)

Dalzell, J. R., Petrie, M. C. and Gardner, R. S. (2010) Congestive heart failure. Advances in management. British Medical Journal, 341, c4280. (doi: 10.1136/bmj.c4280) (PMID:20699309)

Gardner, R.S., Chong, K.S., Morton, J.J. and McDonagh, T.A. (2007) A change in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is predictive of outcome in patients with advanced heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure, 9, pp. 266-271. (doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.07.002)

Gardner, R. S., McDonagh, T. A., MacDonald, M., Dargie, H. J., Murday, A. J. and Petrie, M. C. (2006) Who needs a heart transplant? European Heart Journal, 27(7), pp. 770-772. (doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi759) (PMID:16449246)

Gardner, R.S., Ozalp, F., Murday, A.J., Robb, S.D. and McDonagh, T.A. (2003) N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide - A new gold standard in predicting mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. European Heart Journal, 24, pp. 1735-1743. (doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.07.005)

Book Sections

Beggs, S. A. S. and Gardner, R. S. (2018) HFrEF pharmacological treatment: beta blockers. In: Camm, A. J., Lüscher, T. F., Maurer, G. and Serruys, P. W. (eds.) ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, pp. 1851-1862. ISBN 9780198784906 (doi: 10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0426)