Smart Systems
Innovating systems to power a smarter, greener world
Staff
Publications
2026
Lee, S.-H., Mun, C., Song, J., Byun, J.-E. (2026) Event and fault tree-based Bayesian network for probabilistic safety assessment of earthquake-induced fire and explosion hazard. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 99, (doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105789)
2025
Octavian Pocola, T., Robu, V., Rietveld, J., Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Andoni, M., Flynn, D., Vincent Poor, H. (2025) Optimal sizing and control of a grid-connected battery in a stacked revenue model including an energy community. Applied Energy, 397, (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126122)
Vincent, M., Copsey, D., McDougall, L., Mitchell, D., Pringle Barnes, G., Tura Vecino, A. (2025) Embedding Success: a Collaborative Approach to Embedding Provision’, in Reflections on the UoG’s 18th Annual Learning and Teaching Conference, University of Glasgow’s SoTL Blog: Special Edition.
Cali, U., Lee, A., Hayes, B., Lima, C., Sebastian-Cardenas, D. J., Flynn, D., Kantar, E., Rahimi, F., Thu, K. S., Pasetti, M., Dynge, M. F., Andoni, M., Deveci, M., Kuzlu, M., Alanso, R., Choo, K.-K. R., Mishra, S., Saha, S. S., Norbu, S., Gourisetti, S., Halden, U., Hosseinezhad, V., Robu, V. (2025) A comprehensive academic and industrial survey of blockchain technology for the energy sector using fuzzy Einstein decision-making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 222, (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115845)
Byun, J.-E., Ryu, H., Straub, D. (2025) Branch-and-bound algorithm for efficient reliability analysis of general coherent systems. Structural Safety, (doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2025.102653)
Liu, Q., Tang, W., Alquraan, M., Cheng, R., Blanche, J., Imran, M. A., Flynn, D., Taha, A. (2025) AI-Driven Digital Twin for Net-Zero Energy Optimization: An Airport Case Study.
Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Yan, S., Imran, M. A., Flynn, D., Taha, A. (2025) Edge-Enabled Digital Twin System with Fuzzy Logic for Energy Optimization in the Built Environment.
Lin, Z., Lan, J., Nguyen, A.-T., Flynn, D. (2025) Contingency-aware spatiotemporal optimization for safe autonomous vehicle trajectory planning. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3597234)
Mitchell, D., Baniqued, P. D. E., Kivrak, H., Blanche, J., Bremner, P. A., Harper, S., Jiang, Z., Lopez Pulgarin, E. J., Paterson, J., Carrasco, J., Groves, K., Giuliani, M., Herrmann, G., Lennox, B., Lim, T., Watson, S., Flynn, D. (2025) Cyber-physical-human systems for mobile robots in energy asset management: current practices and future opportunities. Energy and AI, 21, (doi: 10.1016/j.egyai.2025.100570)
Lin, Z., Lan, J., Anagnostopoulos, C., Tian, Z., Flynn, D. (2025) Safety-critical multi-agent MCTS for mixed traffic coordination at unsignalized intersections. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3598727)
Lee, D., Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2025) Dual graph‐based Bayesian network modeling with Rao‐Blackwellization for seismic reliability and complexity quantification of network connectivity. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 54, pp. 2387-2402. (doi: 10.1002/eqe.4362)
Zhen, T., Zhao, D., Lin, Z., Zhao, W., Flynn, D., Tian, D., Sun, Y. (2025) Balanced exploration and attention-inspired decision making for autonomous driving. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
Mitchell, D., Gu, Y., Blanche, J., Harper, S., Archibald, B., Sevegnani, M., Flynn, D. (2025) A cyber physical architecture for symbiotic multi-robot fleet management. Springer
Kim, T., Yi, S.-r., Kim, J. H., Byun, J.-E. (2025) Disaster resilience analysis framework for lifeline networks: integrating reliability, redundancy, and recoverability. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 123, (doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105436)
Sawilam, M., Kizilkaya, B., Taha, A., Flynn, D., Imran, M. A., Ansari, S. (2025) Impact of virtual power plants on grid stability and renewable energy integration in smart cities Using IoT. Energy Reports, 13, pp. 3312-3323. (doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2025.02.048)
Sawilam, M., Kizilkaya, B., Flynn, D., Taha, A., Imran, M. A., Ansari, S. (2025) A Secure and Scalable Architecture for Virtual Power Plants Inspired by VPN Principles.
Seok, U., Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2025) Disaster risk-informed optimization using buffered failure probability for regional-scale building retrofit strategy. Structural Safety, 114, (doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2024.102556)
Khan, A. R., Al-Quraan, M., Mohjazi, L., Flynn, D., Imran, M. A., Zoha, A. (2025) Similarity-driven truncated aggregation framework for privacy-preserving short term load forecasting. Internet of Things, 31, (doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2025.101530)
Vijayakumar, H., Zhao, D., Lan, J., Zhao, W., Flynn, D., Li, D., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Y., Song, K. (2025) Decision making of Automated Vehicles in mixed environment based on Bayesian sequential games. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, (doi: 10.1109/TITS.2025.3561510)
Lin, Z., Lan, J., Anagnostopoulos, C., Tian, Z., Flynn, D. (2025) Multi-Agent Monte Carlo Tree Search for Safe Decision Making at Unsignalized Intersections.
Ding, S., Flynn, D., Harvey, P. (2025) Automatic Generation of Digital Twins for Network Testing.
Ye, Z., Zhao, D., Zhang, L., Zhao, W., Flynn, D., Wei, C. (2025) Causal VAE-DM: Trustworthy Generative Modeling for Image Modification Based on Causal Graphs.
You, H., Lou, C., Yang, J., Flynn, D. (2025) Deep Learning based Real-Time Approach for Optimal Power Flow in Unbalanced Distribution Systems with High-Level EV Penetration.
Collington, K., Flynn, D., Pezaros, D., Gale, M., Deacon, A. (2025) Securing Critical National Infrastructure. ITNOW, 67, pp. 6-8. (doi: 10.1093/itnow/bwaf002)
Qi, Y., You, H., Yu, J., Flynn, D., Yang, J. (2025) A New Model of Energy Hubs and Multiobjective Optimisation for Future Netzero Distribution Networks.
Kim, T., Yi, S.-r., Hyeon Kim, J., Byun, J.-E. (2025) Assessment of disaster resilience performance of structural systems in relation to design response spectrum. Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea, 38, pp. 27-34. (doi: 10.7734/COSEIK.2025.38.1.27)
An, Y., Mitchell, D., Lathrop, J., Flynn, D., Chung, S.-J. (2025) Motor Imagery Teleoperation of a Mobile Robot Using a Low-Cost Brain-Computer Interface for Multi-Day Validation. (doi: 10.1109/Telepresence63209.2024.10841769)
Tang, W., Yan, S., Shawky, M. A., Couraud, B., Imran, M. A., Flynn, D., Taha, A. (2025) Digitalising Social Housing via Cyber-Physical Systems and AI for Comfort, Health, and Transition to Net-Zero: A Holistic Overview.
Mitchell, D., Harper, S., Nandakumar, S., Blanche, J., Lim, T., Imran, M., Taha, A., Flynn, D. (2025) Resilient Autonomy: A Digital Architecture for Symbiotic Multi-Robot Fleet Management.
Biakhmetov, B., Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Dostiyarov, A., Flynn, D., You, S. (2025) Transportation and process modelling-assisted techno-economic assessment of resource recovery from non-recycled municipal plastic waste. Energy Conversion and Management, 324, (doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119273)
2024
Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Challinor, J., Flynn, D., Gibbons, G., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Taha, A., Imran, M. (2024) Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Enabling Tailored Decarbonization and Net-Zero Pathways for Communities. (doi: 10.1049/icp.2024.4502)
Manzoor, H. U., Hussain, S., Flynn, D., Zoha, A. (2024) Centralised vs. decentralised federated load forecasting in smart buildings: who holds the key to adversarial attack robustness? Energy and Buildings, 324, (doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114871)
Nawaz, M. W., Zhang, W., Flynn, D., Zhang, L., Swash, R., Abbasi, Q. H., Imran, M. A., Popoola, O. (2024) 6G edge-networks and multi-UAV knowledge fusion for urban autonomous vehicles. Physical Communication, 67, (doi: 10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102479)
Alipour Bonab, S., Waite, T., Song, W., Flynn, D., Yazdani-Asrami, M. (2024) Machine learning-powered performance monitoring of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers for enhancing green hydrogen production as a sustainable fuel for aviation industry. Energy Reports, 12, pp. 2270-2282. (doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.08.028)
Yan, S., Imran, M. A., Flynn, D., Taha, A. (2024) Architecting Internet-of-Things-Enabled Digital Twins: An Evaluation Framework. (doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT62078.2024.10811154)
Couraud, B., Norbu, S., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D. (2024) An AC OPF based Clearing Mechanism for Local Flexibility Markets. (doi: 10.1109/isgteurope62998.2024.10863672)
Manzoor, H. U., Shabbir, A., Chen, A., Flynn, D., Zoha, A. (2024) A survey of security strategies in federated learning: defending models, data, and privacy. Future Internet, 16, (doi: 10.3390/fi16100374)
Biakhmetov, B., Li, Y., Zhao, Q., Ok, Y. S., Dostiyarov, A., Park, Y.-K., Flynn, D., You, S. (2024) Comparing carbon-saving potential of the pyrolysis of non-recycled municipal plastic waste: Influences of system scales and end products. Journal of Cleaner Production, 469, (doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143140)
Andoni, M., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Norbu, S., Flynn, D., Cherubini, P., Franken, L., Iqbal, Z., Kilgour, J., Kirli, D., Papathanasi, A., Webb, L., Djokic, S., Friedrich, D., Goddard, N., Kiprakis, A., Krumdieck, S. (2024) Local Energy Markets in Energy Communities and Their Impact on Energy Poverty. (doi: 10.1109/rest59987.2024.10645401)
Baniqued, P. D. E., Bremner, P., Sandison, M., Harper, S., Agrawal, S., Bolarinwa, J., Blanche, J., Jiang, Z., Johnson, T., Mitchell, D., Jose Lopez Pulgarin, E., West, A., Willis, M., Yao, K., Flynn, D., Giuliani, M., Groves, K., Lennox, B., Watson, S. (2024) Multimodal immersive digital twin platform for cyber–physical robot fleets in nuclear environments. Journal of Field Robotics, 41, pp. 1521-1540. (doi: 10.1002/rob.22329)
Tian, Z., Zhao, D., Lin, Z., Zhao, W., Flynn, D., Jiang, Y., Tian, D., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y. (2024) Efficient and balanced exploration-driven decision making for autonomous racing using local information. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, (doi: 10.1109/TIV.2024.3432713)
Couraud, B., Robu, V., Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Franken, L., Paolo, C., Webb, L., Kirli, D., Friedrich, D., Iqbal, Z., Papathanasi, A., Kilgour, J., Franquet, E., Rozier, Y., Pennucci, R., Goddard, N., Kumdrieck, S., Djokic, S., Kiprakis, A., Flynn, D. (2024) Enhancing Access to Affordable Energy Through Peer-to-Peer Automated Negotiations. (doi: 10.1109/rest59987.2024.10645368)
Zhen, T., Zhao, D., Lin, Z., Flynn, D., Zhao, W., Tian, D. (2024) Balanced Reward-inspired Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicle Racing.
Shawky, M. A., Shah, S. T., Abdrabou, M., Usman, M., Abbasi, Q. H., Flynn, D., Imran, M. A., Ansari, S., Taha, A. (2024) How secure are our roads? An in-depth review of authentication in vehicular communications. Vehicular Communications, 47, (doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100784)
Ali, S., Bogarra, S., Riaz, M. N., Phyo, P. P., Flynn, D., Taha, A. (2024) From time-series to hybrid models: advancements in short-term load forecasting embracing smart grid paradigm. Applied Sciences, 14, (doi: 10.3390/app14114442)
Byun, J.-E., Yi, S.-r. (2024) Anti-price-gouging law is neither good nor bad in itself: a proposal of narrative numeric method for transdisciplinary social discourses. npj Natural Hazards, 1, (doi: 10.1038/s44304-024-00005-y)
Blanche, J., Mitchell, D., Shang, J., Flynn, D., Pavuluri, S., Desmulliez, M. (2024) Dynamic analysis of geomaterials using microwave sensing. Scientific Reports, 14, (doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57653-3)
Huang, H., Poor, H. V., Flynn, D., Al-Muhaini, M. (2024) Understanding a Power Grid’s Cyber-Physical Interdependence Through Higher-order Motifs. (doi: 10.1109/isgt59692.2024.10454228)
Chirayil Nandakumar, S., Mitchell, D., Erden, M. S., Flynn, D., Lim, T. (2024) Anomaly detection methods in autonomous robotic missions. Sensors, 24, (doi: 10.3390/s24041330)
Frusque, G., Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Flynn, D., Fink, O. (2024) Non-contact sensing for anomaly detection in wind turbine blades: a focus-SVDD with complex-valued auto-encoder approach. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 208, (doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.111022)
Alexandre Pontes Pizzino, C., Romankevicius Costa, R., Mitchell, D., Amâncio Vargas, P. (2024) NeoSLAM: long-term SLAM using computational models of the brain. Sensors, 24, (doi: 10.3390/s24041143)
Zhang, Y., Robu, V., Cremers, S., Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Andoni, M., Flynn, D., Poor, H. V. (2024) Modelling the formation of peer-to-peer trading coalitions and prosumer participation incentives in transactive energy communities. Applied Energy, 355, (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122173)
Couraud, B., Barre, P.-J., Pennucci, R., Rozier, Y., Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Franquet, E., Flynn, D. (2024) Collecting French Smart Meter Data for Residential Flexibility. (doi: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE56780.2023.10408704)
Zhao, X., Gerasimou, S., Calinescu, R., Imrie, C., Robu, V., Flynn, D. (2024) Bayesian learning for the robust verification of autonomous robots. Communications Engineering, 3, (doi: 10.1038/s44172-024-00162-y)
Milne, G., Flynn, D., Wessels, B. (2024) Equity in a sustainable energy transition: the importance of people and place. Briefing Report. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.317258)
Cherubini, P., Ahrens, F., Andoni, M., Couraud, B., Kilgour, J., Kirli, D., Iqbal, Z., Norbu, S., Papathanasi, A., Webb, L., Krumdieck, S. (2024) The challenge of ending fuel poverty: a transition engineering research sprint. IOS Press
2023
Mitchell, D. et al. (2023) Lessons learned: symbiotic autonomous robot ecosystem for nuclear environments. IET Cyber-Systems and Robotics, 5, (doi: 10.1049/csy2.12103)
Tang, W., Brown, K., Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Flynn, D. (2023) Subsea power cable health management using machine learning analysis of low frequency wide band sonar data. Energies, 16, (doi: 10.3390/en16176172)
Couraud, B., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Norbu, S., Chen, S., Flynn, D. (2023) Responsive FLEXibility: a smart local energy system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 182, (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113343)
Byun, J.-E., de Oliveira, W., Royset, J. O. (2023) S-BORM: reliability-based optimization of general systems using buffered optimization and reliability method. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 236, (doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109314)
Harper, S. T., Mitchell, D., Nandakumar, S. C., Blanche, J., Lim, T., Flynn, D. (2023) Addressing Non-Intervention Challenges via Resilient Robotics Utilizing a Digital Twin. (doi: 10.1109/COINS57856.2023.10189310)
Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Harper, S., Lim, T., Flynn, D. (2023) Microwave Foresight Sensing for Safety Compliance in Autonomous Operations. (doi: 10.1109/COINS57856.2023.10189296)
Blanche, J., Mitchell, D., West, A., Harper, S., Groves, K., Lennox, B., Watson, S., Flynn, D. (2023) Microwave Sensing for Avoidance of High-Risk Ground Conditions for Mobile Robots. (doi: 10.1109/COINS57856.2023.10189266)
Schwidtal, J.M., Piccini, P., Troncia, M., Chitchyan, R., Montakhabi, M., Francis, C., Gorbatcheva, A., Capper, T., Mustafa, M.A., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Bahloul, M., Scott, I.J., Mbavarira, T., España, J.M., Kiesling, L. (2023) Emerging business models in local energy markets: a systematic review of peer-to-peer, community self-consumption, and transactive energy models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 179, (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113273)
Shawky, M. A., Usman, M., Flynn, D., Imran, M. A., Abbasi, Q. H., Ansari, S., Taha, A. (2023) Blockchain-based secret key extraction for efficient and secure authentication in VANETs. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 74, (doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103476)
Manzoor, H. U., Khan, A. R., Flynn, D., Alam, M. M., Akram, M., Imran, M. A., Zoha, A. (2023) FedBranched: Leveraging federated learning for anomaly-aware load forecasting in energy networks. Sensors, 23, (doi: 10.3390/s23073570)
de Bekker, P., Cremers, S., Norbu, S., Flynn, D., Robu, V. (2023) Improving the efficiency of renewable energy assets by optimizing the matching of supply and demand using a smart battery scheduling algorithm. Energies, 16, (doi: 10.3390/en16052425)
Cremers, S., Robu, V., Zhang, P., Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Flynn, D. (2023) Efficient methods for approximating the Shapley value for asset sharing in energy communities. Applied Energy, 331, (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120328)
Tang, W., Blanche, J., Mitchell, D., Harper, S., Flynn, D. (2023) Characterisation of composite materials for wind turbines using frequency modulated continuous wave sensing. Journal of Composites Science, 7, (doi: 10.3390/jcs7020075)
Antony, J., Sony, M., McDermott, O., Jayaraman, R., Flynn, D. (2023) An exploration of organizational readiness factors for Quality 4.0: an intercontinental study and future research directions. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 40, pp. 582-606. (doi: 10.1108/IJQRM-10-2021-0357)
Gharavi, H., Yew, W. K., Flynn, D. (2023) Smart local energy systems: optimal planning of stand-alone hybrid green power systems for on-line charging of electric vehicles. IEEE Access, 11, pp. 7398-7409. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3237326)
2022
Manzoor, H. U., Khan, M. S., Khan, A. R., Ayaz, F., Flynn, D., Imran, M. A., Zoha, A. (2022) FedClamp: an Algorithm for Identification of Anomalous Client in Federated Learning. (doi: 10.1109/ICECS202256217.2022.9970909)
Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Desmulliez, M., Pavuluri, S., Flynn, D. (2022) Ground Based Inspection for Overhead Transmission Line Sag. (doi: 10.1109/icecs202256217.2022.9971028)
Byun, J.-E., D’Ayala, D. (2022) ResMapper: Matlab tool for seismic resilience mapping of large-scale road networks. SoftwareX, 20, (doi: 10.1016/j.softx.2022.101249)
Odo, A., McKenna, S., Flynn, D., Vorstius, J. (2022) Identifying Paintwork Deterioration for Image-based Monitoring of Distribution Towers. (doi: 10.1109/pesgm48719.2022.9916591)
Byun, J.-E., De Oliveira, W., Royset, J.O. (2022) S-BORM: Reliability-based optimization of general systems using buffered optimization and reliability method. arXiv, (doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2209.02573)
Byun, J.-E., D'Ayala, D. (2022) Seismic Resilience Mapping of Large-Scale Transportation Networks: Applications to Network in Istanbul, Turkey.
Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Flynn, D., Chen, S., Robu, V. (2022) Decentralized Energy White Paper: Adaptive Local Energy Communities. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.278207)
Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Flynn, D., Chen, S., Robu, V. (2022) Democratising Energy: Placing citizens and communities at the heart of the energy revolution. (doi: 10.36399/gla.pubs.278206)
Byun, J.-E., Straub, D. (2022) Active Learning of Deep Neural Networks for Reliability Analysis of Network Systems.
Byun, J.-E., Royset, J. O. (2022) Data-driven optimization of reliability using buffered failure probability. Structural Safety, 98, (doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2022.102232)
Lui, J., Sloan, W., Paul, M. C., Flynn, D., You, S. (2022) Life cycle assessment of waste-to-hydrogen systems for fuel cell electric buses in Glasgow, Scotland. Bioresource Technology, 359, (doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127464)
Capper, T., Gorbatcheva, A., Mustafa, M. A., Bahloul, M., Schwidtal, J. M., Chitchyan, R., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Montakhabi, M., Scott, I. J., Francis, C., Mbavarira, T., Espana, J. M., Kiesling, L. (2022) Peer-to-peer, community self-consumption, and transactive energy: A systematic literature review of local energy market models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 162, (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112403)
Dong, S., Cao, J., Flynn, D., Fan, Z. (2022) Cybersecurity in smart local energy systems: requirements, challenges, and standards. Energy Informatics, 5, (doi: 10.1186/s42162-022-00195-7)
Byun, J.-E., Straub, D. (2022) Reliability Analysis of Transportation Networks Using Artificial Neural Networks.
Haugen, M. J., Flynn, D., Greening, P., Tichler, J., Blythe, P., Boies, A. M. (2022) Electrification versus hydrogen for UK road freight: conclusions from a systems analysis of transport energy transitions. Energy for Sustainable Development, 68, pp. 203-210. (doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2022.03.011)
Byun, J.-E., D’Ayala, D. (2022) Urban seismic resilience mapping: a transportation network in Istanbul, Turkey. Scientific Reports, 12, (doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11991-2)
Kirli, D., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Salgado-Bravo, M., Norbu, S., Andoni, M., Antonopoulos, I., Negrete-Pincetic, M., Flynn, D., Kiprakis, A. (2022) Smart contracts in energy systems: A systematic review of fundamental approaches and implementations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.112013)
Byun, J.-E. (2022) Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Traffic Assignment Optimization.
Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Harper, S., Lim, T., Gupta, R., Zaki, O., Tang, W., Robu, V., Watson, S., Flynn, D. (2022) A review: Challenges and opportunities for artificial intelligence and robotics in the offshore wind sector. Energy and AI, 8, (doi: 10.1016/j.egyai.2022.100146)
Kirschbaum, L., Robu, V., Swingler, J., Flynn, D. (2022) Prognostics for electromagnetic relays using deep learning. IEEE Access, 10, pp. 4861-4895. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3140645)
Couraud, B., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Andoni, M., Norbu, S., Quinard, H. (2022) Real-time control of distributed batteries with blockchain-enabled market export commitments. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 13, pp. 579-591. (doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2021.3121444)
Gupta, R., Mallikarjuna, D., Baines, L., Flynn, D., Bucknall, D. (2022) Quantification of wear in glass reinforced epoxy resin composites using surface profilometry and assessing effect of surfacing film involvement. Materials Today: Proceedings, 57, pp. 930-935. (doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.061)
2021
Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2021) A general framework of Bayesian network for system reliability analysis using junction tree. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 216, (doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2021.107952)
Royset, J. O., Byun, J.-E. (2021) Gradients and subgradients of buffered failure probability. Operations Research Letters, 49, pp. 868-873. (doi: 10.1016/j.orl.2021.10.004)
Mitchell, D., Blanche, J., Zaki, O., Roe, J., Kong, L., Harper, S., Robu, V., Lim, T., Flynn, D. (2021) Symbiotic System of Systems design for safe and resilient autonomous robotics in offshore wind farms. IEEE Access, 9, pp. 141421-141452. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3117727)
Byun, J.-E., Royset, J.O. (2021) Data-driven optimization of reliability using buffered failure probability. arXiv, (doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2107.11176)
Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Andoni, M., Flynn, D. (2021) Modeling economic sharing of joint assets in community energy projects under LV network constraints. IEEE Access, 9, pp. 112019-112042. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3103480)
Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2021) Generalized matrix-based Bayesian network for multi-state systems. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 211, (doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2021.107468)
Byun, J.-E. (2021) Seismic Resilience Analysis of Urban Transportation Networks using Bayesian Network.
Byun, J.-E. (2021) Risk-Informed Decision-Support on Large-Scale Multi-State Systems Using Matrix-Based Bayesian Network.
Roman, D., Saxena, S., Robu, V., Pecht, M., Flynn, D. (2021) Machine learning pipeline for battery state-of-health estimation. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3, pp. 447-456. (doi: 10.1038/s42256-021-00312-3)
Norbu, S., Couraud, B., Robu, V., Andoni, M., Flynn, D. (2021) Modelling the redistribution of benefits from joint investments in community energy projects. Applied Energy, 287, (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116575)
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Couraud, B., Fruh, W.-G., Norbu, S., Flynn, D. (2021) Analysis of strategic renewable energy, grid and storage capacity investments via Stackelberg-Cournot modelling. IEEE Access, 9, pp. 37752-37771. (doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3062981)
2020
Couraud, B., Norbu, S., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Gharavi, H., Flynn, D. (2020) Optimal Residential Battery Scheduling with Asset Lifespan Consideration. (doi: 10.1109/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248889)
Byun, J.-E. (2020) Risk-Informed Decision-Support for Complex Infrastructure Systems Using Matrix-Based Bayesian Network. (doi: 10.1201/9780429343292-9)
Pumphrey, K., Walker, S. L., Andoni, M., Robu, V. (2020) Green hope or red herring? Examining consumer perceptions of peer-to-peer energy trading in the United Kingdom. Energy Research and Social Science, 68, (doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101603)
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Früh, W.-G., Flynn, D. (2020) Strategic Decision-making for Power Network Investments with Distributed Renewable Generation.
2019
Hany Elgamal, A., Kocher-Oberlehner, G., Robu, V., Andoni, M. (2019) Optimization of a multiple-scale renewable energy-based virtual power plant in the UK. Applied Energy, 256, (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113973)
McCallum, P., Jenkins, D. P., Peacock, A. D., Patidar, S., Andoni, M., Flynn, D., Robu, V. (2019) A multi-sectoral approach to modelling community energy demand of the built environment. Energy Policy, 132, pp. 865-875. (doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.041)
Byun, J.-E. (2019) Integrating Decomposition Algorithm and Sampling Techniques for Reliability Analysis of Multi-State Infrastructures.
Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2019) Efficient Optimization for Multi-Objective Decision-Making on Civil Systems Using Discrete Influence Diagram. (doi: 10.22725/ICASP13.242)
Byun, J.-E., Song, J. (2019) Linear Programming by Delayed Column Generation for Bounds on Reliability of Larger Systems. (doi: 10.22725/ICASP13.119)
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Abram, S., Geach, D., Jenkins, D., McCallum, P., Peacock, A. (2019) Blockchain technology in the energy sector: a systematic review of challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100, pp. 143-174. (doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014)
2018
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Friüh, W.-G. (2018) Gibbs Sampling for Game-Theoretic Modeling of Private Network Upgrades with Distributed Generation. (doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope.2018.8571545)
Byun, J.-E., Zwirglmaier, K., Song, J., Straub, D. (2018) Development of matrix-based Bayesian Network (MBN)
Tang, W., Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D. (2018) Accurately Forecasting the Health of Energy System Assets. (doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2018.8351842)
McCallum, P., Patidar, S., Jenkins, D., Peacock, A., Robu, V., Andoni, M., Flynn, D. (2018) The Use of Demand Modelling for Community Energy Analysis. (doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2018.8351797)
2017
Byun, J.-E., Noh, H.-M., Song, J. (2017) Reliability Growth Prediction for k-out-of-N Systems Using Matrix-Based System Reliability Method and Reliability Growth Models.
Andoni, M., Tang, W., Robu, V., Flynn, D. (2017) Data Analysis of Battery Storage Systems. (doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0657)
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Früh, W.-G., Flynn, D. (2017) Game-theoretic modeling of curtailment rules and network investments with distributed generation. Applied Energy, 201, pp. 174-187. (doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.035)
Andoni, M., Robu, V., Flynn, D. (2017) Blockchains: Crypto-control your own energy supply. Nature, 548, pp. 158-158. (doi: 10.1038/548158b)
Postgraduate research students
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The Smart Systems Research Cluster is at the forefront of designing and advancing Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) that tackle some of the world’s most urgent challenges — from climate change and the energy transition to the resilience of critical infrastructure and services like healthcare, transport and power.
Our research explores how technology, data, and engineering can work in harmony to create systems that are adaptive, intelligent, and capable of responding to complex and unpredictable environments.
By bridging engineering, data science, materials research and systems thinking, our work unlocks new capabilities in autonomous control, infrastructure resilience, and sustainability. We aim to not only solve technical problems, but to shape how society can better respond, adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing world.
Through interdisciplinary collaboration and challenge-led research we can deliver impactful solutions that benefit both society and the planet.
Our research
Resilient autonomy
- Symbiotic Multi-Robot Fleets: We investigate how fleets of autonomous robots can operate cooperatively and reliably in dynamic, high-risk environments. Our work supports real-world applications in disaster response, offshore energy, and other mission-critical scenarios.
Energy transition
- Cyber Physical Systems for Net Zero: To support a just and sustainable energy transition, we design CPS that integrate data, sensing, and control to create smarter, more resilient energy systems. Our whole-systems approach helps drive innovation across grids, renewables, and community-level energy infrastructures.
Fundamental systems understanding
- We explore the building blocks of complex systems, from materials and sensors to system-scale behaviour. This includes research into how new technologies interact across different scales and lifecycles — crucial for engineering robust and efficient future systems.
Research division
PhD opportunities
Find out more about PhD opportunities with Smart Systems:
Updates and announcements
Student projects
Each year the Smart Systems Research Cluster present a wide range of challenges to MSc and MEng students with the aims to help develop their interpersonal and Technical Skills. The students are given a real-world challenge and a technology to advance the state of the art and are closely supervised by our staff and PGRs along the duration of their project.
- Visit our Youtube to find out more.

Energy transition
Our research is accelerating the UK's energy transition through real-world demonstrators and stakeholder-focused hydrogen integration.

Prognostics and health management
Coming soon

Resilient autonomy
We tackle both top-down and ground-up challenges relating to robotics within resilience, reliability and self-certification of robots to extend and optimise autonomous missions.